8株分离自四川、贵州地区猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒毒株的全基因组特征分析

本研究旨在了解近年来我国四川、贵州地区猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒（PRRSV）的分子流行病学及遗传变异情况,对该地区2016—2018年间采集的8份PRRSV阳性样品进行病毒分离鉴定和全基因组测序,进一步使用RDP4和Simplot生物软件对全基因序列进行重组分析。结果显示,8个PRRSV毒株全基组全长为15 010~15 321 nt,毒株间相似性为80.9%~91.7%。NSP2氨基酸分析结果显示,4个毒株表现出与HP-PRRSV毒株一致的30 aa缺失,另外4株表现出与NADC30毒株一致的131 aa缺失。其中,GZgy17表现为“1+19+29 aa”新型缺失模式。ORF5氨基酸分析显示,3个毒株在33位点出现新型的1 aa缺失。遗传重组分析显示,8个毒株表现出PRRSV-2毒株6种不同谱系（Lineage）间的重组方式,分别如下：1） SCnj16：L8+L1;2） SCxyz17：L1+L5;3） SCya18：L1+L3;4） GZgy17：L8+L3;5） SCcd17和SCN17：L1+L8+L5;6） SCcd16和SCya17：L1+L8+L3。本研究结果表明,我国四川、贵州地区不仅有多种谱系PRRSV毒株并存,其基因组还出现了复杂的遗传重组现象,具有上述复杂基因组的PRRSV毒株在我国的流行状况值得高度关注。     

Mechanisms of viral emergence

A number of virologic and environmental factors are involved in the emergence and re-emergence of viral disease. Viruses do not conservatively occupy a single and permanent ecological niche. Rather, due to their intrinsic capacity for genetic change, and to the evolvability of fitness levels, viruses display a potential to parasitize alternative host species. Mutation, recombination and genome segment reassortment, and combination of these molecular events, produce complex and phenotypically diverse populations of viruses, which constitute the raw material on which selection acts. The majority of emerging viral diseases of humans have a zoonotic origin. Sociologic and ecologic factors produce diverse and changing environments in which viral subpopulations have ample opportunities to be selected from intrinsically heterogeneous viral populations, particularly in the case of RNA viruses. In this manner, new human, animal and plant viruses have emerged periodically and, from all evidence, will continue to emerge. This article reviews some of the mechanisms that have been identified in viral emergence, with a focus on the importance of genetic variation of viruses, and on the general concept of biological complexity.     

表达H5亚型禽流感病毒HA基因的重组马立克氏病病毒的构建

采用聚合酶链反应或反转录聚合酶链反应扩增出H5亚型禽流感病毒(AIV)的HA基因、网状内皮增生症病毒的长末端重复序列(LTR)、马立克氏病病毒(MDV)Rispens CVI988毒株基因组的sorf 1和sorf 2序列、两端带loxp位点的lac/smGFP标志基因,构建含这些基因的转移载体质粒pMHA;以MDV Rispens CVI988毒株的基因组DNA和PMHA质粒DNA共转染鸡胚成纤维细胞(CEF),采用同源重组方法将LTR、lac/smGFP和HA基因插入到MDV基因组,获得重组病毒rMDV-HA/GFP;以cre介导的同源重组去除lac/smGFP标志基因,再转染CEF,获得仅带LTR启动子和HA基因的重组MDV疫苗毒株rMDV-HA.rMDV-HA仍保留了MDV RispensCVI988疫苗毒株的复制特点,并能稳定表达AIV的HA.     

A novel approach to estimating the competitive ability of Cirsium arvense in cereals using unmanned aerial vehicle imagery

Eight experiments were carried out in Denmark to determine the yield loss of spring barley due to Cirsium arvense in farmers' fields and to suggest and evaluate a novel approach for quantifying C. arvense infestation in large plots. Literature about the competitive ability of C. arvense is old, scattered and inconclusive, and existing models for estimating crop yield loss are based on data from North America. This study showed that C. arvense coverage could be quantified from unmanned aerial vehicle imagery using a manual image analysis procedure. This gave similar results as scoring the coverage. Yield loss of spring barley due to C. arvense infestation assessed at harvest was given by Y = 100·(1−exp(−0.00170·X)) where Y is the percentage of crop yield loss and X is the percentage of C. arvense coverage. The yield loss was much lower than estimates from models that have been developed in North America. It is speculated that the main reason for this is the later emergence of C. arvense than the crop due to lower soil temperatures in spring. Grain moisture increased linearly with C. arvense coverage: M = 0.0310·X where M is the proportional (%) increase in grain moisture and X is the proportion (%) of C. arvense coverage. Automated image analysis procedures are needed to estimate C. arvense coverage on field scales, and further experiments are needed to reveal whether the low competitive ability of C. arvense found in this study is representative for Northern Europe.     

Identification of a Group of Novel y-Gliadin Genes

γ-Gliadins are an important component of wheat seed storage proteins. Four novel γ-gliadin genes （Gli-ngl to Gli-ng4） were cloned from wheat （Triticum aestivum） and Aegilops species. The novel γ-gliadins were much smaller in molecular size when compared to the typical γ-gliadins, which was caused by deletion of the non-repetitive domain, glutamine-rich region, 3＂ part of the repetitive domain, and 5＇ part of the C-terminal, possibly due to illegitimate recombination between the repetitive domain and the C-terminal. As a result, Gli-ngl and Gli-ng4 only contained two and three cysteine residues, respectively. Gli-ngl, as the representative of novel γ-gliadin genes, has been sub-cloned into an Escherichia coli expression system. SDS- PAGE indicated that the both cysteine residues of Gli-ngl could participate in the formation of intermolecular disulphide bonds in vitro. Successful cloning of Gli-ngl from seed cDNA of T. aestivum cv. Chinese Spring suggested that these novel γ-gliadin genes were normally transcribed during the development of seeds. Phylogenic analysis indicated that the four novel γ-gliadin genes had a closer relationship with those from the B （S） genome of wheat.     

Spatial distribution of weeds in arable crops: are current sampling and analytical methods appropriate?

This paper reviews the literature concerning the spatial distribution of weeds; highlighting the limitations of our current sampling and analytical methodologies, and suggesting how these inadequacies can be addressed. Most research studies have used discrete sampling, i.e. weeds are counted within a quadrat, on a grid basis. Few have mapped weeds at a whole-field scale, either with a resolution appropriate to spraying operations or key ecological processes. Statistical analyses used to describe the data can be divided into two main types, spatially implicit (also at the scale of the sampling unit) or spatially explicit, in which the location of individuals is included in the analyses. Spatially implicit methods can be strongly affected by quadrat size and mean density and are of doubtful benefit. More attention is required to address sampling resolution issues for spatially explicit methods. Our understanding of the formation and dynamics of spatial pattern, as well as predicting the consequences of site-specific management, can be improved with models. Unfortunately, most models consider only newly expanding patches and appear incapable of predicting spatial distributions when an area has been fully invaded. More detailed biological information is required if models are to become more realistic and informative. We also need to ensure that we understand the spatial processes in the context of the whole field environment, to optimize the success of site-specific weed management in the longer term.     

Malvastrum leaf curl Guangdong virus is a distinct monopartite begomovirus

Virus isolates GD6, GD7, GD8, GD9 and GD10 were obtained from Malvastrum coromandelianum showing leaf curl symptoms in Guangdong Province of China. A specific 500 bp product was consistently detected in total DNA extracts, amplified with universal primers specific for members of the genus Begomovirus. Analysis of their partial DNA sequences revealed that they are isolates of the same begomovirus species, sharing 92·8%–97·1% nucleotide sequence identity. The complete DNA sequences of both GD6 and GD9 were found to be 2767 nucleotides, with all the characteristic features of begomovirus genome organization. The two isolates have less than 85·2% nucleotide sequence identity with other reported begomoviruses. Consequently, GD6 and GD9 are considered to be isolates of a novel begomovirus species, for which the name Malvastrum leaf curl Guangdong virus (MLCuGdV) is proposed. Sequence analyses suggest that MLCuGdV may have arisen by recombination between viruses related to Papaya leaf curl China virus , Tomato leaf curl Philippines virus and other undiscovered virus ancestors. Neither the DNA-B component nor the DNAβ molecule associated with these begomovirus isolates was found. An infectious clone of GD6 was constructed. GD6 efficiently infected Nicotiana benthamiana , N. glutinosa and Petunia hybrida by agro-inoculation, and Malvastrum coromandelianum by whitefly transmission, inducing leaf curling, vein swelling and stunting symptoms. GD6 was also infectious in N. tabacum , but did not induce observable disease symptoms.     

The genomes of Arachis hypogaea 2. The implications in interspecific breeding

Summary The existence of structural differentiation between genomes in section Arachis of the genus Arachis has important implications in the utilization of diploid wild species in this section as a germplasm resource. Maximum expression of desirable characters may not be achieved unless tetrasomic dose levels can be achieved. Possible breeding strategies discussed include natural and induced gene exchange between genomes and chromosome substitution which could be brought about by manipulation of ploidy level and where appropriate the use of ionizing radiation. Such strategies could be tested in the improvement of resistance to the Cercospora leafspots.Paper number 5561 of the Journal Series of the North Carolina Agricultural Experimental Station, Raleigh, NC 27650.     

沙门氏菌诱导后家蝇幼虫cDNA文库的构建

采用沙门氏菌以针刺法诱导家蝇三日龄幼虫,提取诱导后培养24 h的家蝇幼虫总RNA,进一步分离、纯化其mRNA,运用SMART技术构建家蝇幼虫cDNA文库.结果表明:原始文库的滴度为1.55 × 106 pfu/mL,原始文库重组宰为99.5%,文库扩增后滴度达1.27 × 10 pfu/mL.从扩增文库随机挑取10个噬菌斑克隆进行PCR扩增鉴定,结果显示所选的lO个噬菌体克隆均合有重组的cDNA,插入片段大小为400～1 500 bp.     

水稻条斑病菌avrBs3/pthA家族基因敲除体系的建立

水稻细茵性条斑病菌存在至少20个avrBs3/pthA家族成员,但其在水稻上的毒性或无毒性贡献并不清楚.本文依据avrBs3/pthA结构上的保守性,利用同源重组策略,借助自杀性载体pKMS1介导,对水稻条斑病菌中的avrBs3/pthA家族基因进行敲除.结果发现:同源交换可通过基因内和基因间重组实现avrBs3/pthA家族的基因敲除;PCR和Southern杂交结果显示,水稻条斑病菌中有5个avrB5s3/pthA家族基因被成功敲除,表明水稻条斑病菌avrBs3/pthA家族基因敲除体系构建成功.这为逐一评价avrBs3/pthA 家族基因的毒性或/和无毒性功能奠定了基础.