Genomic differentiation with isolation by distance along a latitudinal gradient in the spotted-leg treefrog Polypedates megacephalus

The patterns of isolation by distance (IBD) entailing increased genetic differentiation among populations have aroused extensive concerns for evolutionary biologists. Although the IBD may act on spatial processes contributing to the genetic differentiation among populations in anuran species, the factors shaping the IBD of frogs among populations in natural systems are largely unknown. Here, we studied the genetic differentiation among six populations with 24 individuals of the spotted-leg treefrog along a latitudinal gradient (1860.31 km) based on 1020 single nucleotide polymorphisms from restriction site-associated DNA sequencing. The results showed that the genetic diversity differed significantly among populations and that the insular populations had higher genetic diversity than the mainland populations. Furthermore, we also found a significant genetic differentiation among populations (F_ST = 0.277) and no sign of inbreeding (F_UNI = −0.145). The IBD was detected for all populations, and a higher degree of the IBD was indicated when controlling for the effects of the isolation between Hainan and mainland populations caused by the Qiongzhou Strait. Our findings suggest that the form of the Qiongzhou Strait plays a key role in shaping the genetic diversity and population differentiation in treefrogs.     

实时光电微生物检测技术在乳品质控中的应用

对酸奶中的霉菌酵母菌同时采用实时光电微生物检测系统与国标法进行检测,分析比较两种检测方法所得的检测数据.本实验利用实时光电微生物检测系统的霉菌酵母检测试剂瓶对市售酸奶及阳性添加样品采用半定量的检测方法进行快速检测,能快速地检测到目标菌存在,继而给系统提前预警.结果表明,当霉菌酵母菌含量在10～3.5×105CFU/mL时,实时光电微生物检测方法在1.8～33h内预警.当平板计数法的检测结果小于10CFU/mL时,实时光电微生物检测方法的检测时间均大于33h,在仪器设置运行48h内未出现预警现象.实时光电微生物检测技术与国标平板法两种检测方法的检测结果相当吻合.应用实时光电微生物检测技术能快速便捷,对酸奶产品中霉菌酵母菌进行监测,其检测速度和灵敏度均能满足工厂实验室的快速筛选检测,还利于产品的关键控制点的监测.     

羊口蹄疫、羊小反刍兽疫、羊痘疫苗在不同日龄段羊上组合接种免疫效果对比试验

通过试验,分析得出羊口蹄疫、羊小反刍兽疫、羊痘疫苗在不同日龄段的羊只上,以不同免疫注射组合方式进行接种,产生的免疫抗体效果及免疫安全性实验,为基层从事羊免疫工作的动物防疫员提供科学依据。     

Exploratory trials on reinforcement of veld with legumes in the south‐eastern transvaal highveld

Abstract

The feasibility and potential of reinforcing veld with legumes in the south‐eastern Transvaal highveld was assessed in a number of trials during the period 1974–84. Experience was gained with regard to methods of establishment, adaptation of legumes to the local environment, responses to fertilization, especially with lime and superphosphate, and the reaction of legumes to fire and grazing. In all, 17 legumes were involved, including the genera Coronilla, Desmodium, Glycine, Lespedeza, Lotus, Macroptilium, Medicago, Neoto‐nonia, Trifolium and Vigna. Only Coronilla varia (crownvetch) showed a satisfactory degree of persistence. However, crownvetch is slow to establish, is intolerant of waterlogging and has a relatively high requirement for lime and phosphate. Considering these features, and the probability of undesirable changes in grass species composition in reinforced veld, it is recommended that intensification be achieved through development of improved pastures for use in conjunction with veld, rather than by means of veld reinforcement.     

桑尺蠖越冬幼虫的耐寒性研究

研究了桑尺蠖越冬幼虫的耐寒能力 ,测定了虫体内抗寒物质的组成成分 ,并对其耐寒机理作了初步探讨。结果表明 :越冬幼虫从越冬初期至越冬滞育期 ,4龄幼虫的平均过冷却点从初期的-1 7 2℃下降至滞育期的 -2 4 4℃ ;5龄幼虫的平均过冷却点从 -1 3 4℃下降至 -2 4 8℃。越冬幼虫体内水分、糖元、脂肪含量下降 ,其中以糖元含量下降明显 ;越冬幼虫以“小分子糖—氨基酸—糖蛋白”物质系统形成抗寒基质 ,增强耐寒性。     

鲁西黄牛MSTN基因上游序列多态性对转录表达的影响

肌肉生长抑制素（myostatin,MSTN）基因是转化生长因子-β（transforming growth factor-β,TGF-β）超家族的新成员。为了研究鲁西黄牛MSTN基因上游序列多态性与转录表达的关系,本试验提取鲁西黄牛腿肌组织细胞的基因组,扩增出MSTN基因上游序列,构建进化树并通过基因测序确定其上游序列中存在单核苷酸多态位点,多态位点位于起始密码子上游805 bp处。构建表达载体,在体外对C2C12细胞进行转染,从而验证MSTN基因上游序列多态位点对转录的影响。结果显示,MSTN基因上游序列中单个核苷酸的改变会影响其下游基因的表达水平。推测在体内MSTN基因上游序列中单核苷酸多态性能够影响基因的转录活性,在调节基因转录的过程中起着重要作用。     

高非蛋白氮利用能力酵母菌的筛选与诱变

蛋白质饲料资源短缺一直是制约着中国饲料工业健康平稳发展的瓶颈问题之一。单细胞蛋白（single cell protein,SCP）在解决世界粮食与蛋白饲料短缺问题存在较大潜质。经多年研究,单细胞蛋白在菌种选育、生产工艺、发酵原料等方面均取得了较大进展,但单细胞蛋白饲料成本仍居高不下,在饲料工业中一直未得到大量应用。提高生产单细胞蛋白生产菌株非蛋白氮（non-protein nitrogen,简称NPN）利用效率和生长速度,是降低单细胞蛋白生产成本的关键。本试验从多株酵母菌中筛选出NPN利用能力较强的菌株,并对其进行紫外照射诱变,以期获得菌体蛋白产量高的突变菌株。通过对14株酵母菌对不同碳、氮源利用的研究,确定其最适碳、氮源,并依据14株酵母的生长潜力、菌体蛋白产量、NPN利用能力等进行排名,筛选出综合性能较优的酿酒酵母菌M（Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain YI59）和N2（Saccharomyces cerevisiae isolate AA2）。将酵母菌M和N2作为出发菌,进行紫外照射诱变。以葡萄糖、硫酸铵为碳、氮源,依平板菌落大小与液体发酵菌体蛋白产量进行初筛和复筛,最终获得菌落较大的3株突变菌MU23、MU3和MU5。经液体发酵复筛发现,MU3和MU5菌体蛋白含量较原出发菌M有显著提高,分别提高12.93%和11.82%（P<0.05）,但菌体蛋白产量与出发菌相比无显著差异（P>0.05）;菌株MU23菌体蛋白含量与出发菌M无显著差异（P>0.05）,但菌体蛋白产量较原出发菌M有较大幅度提升,为0.26 g/L,提高13.04%（P>0.05）。综合上述试验结果,使用紫外照射诱变可以达到提高酵母菌NPN利用能力和菌体蛋白产量的目的。     

湖南省生猪定点屠宰管理情况调研

为了解生猪定点屠宰管理的现状和存在问题,湖南省农业部门对长沙市、郴州市、衡阳市等地的屠宰管理情况进行了实地调查研究,并在此基础上提出了相应的对策和建议,为规范生猪定点屠宰管理提供了参考。     

波尔山羊FSHR5’端序列的SNP多态性及超排效果分析

为探索波尔山羊超排个体排卵数差异与个体遗传特性的相关性,对波尔山羊的FSHR基因(950 bp),分成四段分别设计引物进行PCR-SSCP多态性分析,结果发现一个SNP位点,导致5-’1出现两种基因型。序列分析显示该突变位点位于转录起始点上游-739bp处,属于远端转录启动调控区。统计分析表明AA型个体的平均排卵数与AB型个体的平均排卵数差异极显著(P<0.01),平均胚胎可利用率差异显著(P<0.05),这说明个体的超排潜力可能与其本身的FSHR基因的遗传特性有关。     

感染鸡日龄对球虫单卵囊分离的影响

选用5、8、11日龄的雏鸡进行鸡球虫单卵囊分离试验,研究不同感染日龄对鸡球虫单卵囊分离的影响。结果表明:在其他条件一致的情况下,从感染成功率、潜伏期、高峰期的出现时间及持续时间和从每只感染雏鸡收集到的球虫卵囊数量等指标进行综合判定,发现感染11日龄的雏鸡单卵囊分离成功率最高。