玉米高产栽培技术

结合晋江市玉米种植情况,从精选种子、合理密植、田间管理及病虫害防治等方面总结了玉米的高产栽培技术.     

香果树种子休眠和萌发的生理特性

为了解决香果树Emmenopterys henryi种子萌发困难的问题,使用不同的光照条件较系统地研究了香果树种子休眠和萌发的生理特性.结果表明:香果树种子属典型的光敏感性种子,在黑暗中无论恒温或变温条件下均完全不能萌发;整个萌发过程需1 000 lx光照强度和每天照光16 h;在光照条件下适宜的萌发温度为20℃、25℃恒温,其次是30℃恒温和30℃(日)、20℃(夜)变温.     

矿区复绿植物猪屎豆种子硬实率与萌发特性的研究

采用不同方法对猪屎豆种子进行处理,并测定了种子的硬实率、吸水率和发芽率.结果表明:猪屎豆种子有较高的硬实率,砂纸摩擦5 min可显著提高种子的吸水率;砂纸摩擦1～7 min均可提高种子的萌发率,摩擦5 min的发芽率达36％,而未摩擦种子发芽率只有11.3％.丙酮处理种子1、2、3、4h不能提高种子的发芽率,时间越长,种子的发芽率越低;过氧化氢处理对种子的催芽没有显著的效果;摩擦后种子在室温(10 ～27℃)、15、25、30、35℃条件下均能萌发;光照对种子的萌发没有显著的影响,说明猪屎豆种子是中光种子.     

支持转速现场标定的玉米精密排种器电驱控制系统研究

针对现有玉米精密电驱排种控制系统无法快速适应多类型排种器排种控制的问题,在玉米CAN总线电动排种的基础上,设计了一种对玉米排种器排种驱动进行现场标定的电驱控制系统。系统在排种驱动电动机控制信号与排种盘转速之间的对应关系中,采用分段线性插值的方法现场获取排种器驱动曲线,实现排种盘转速标定与控制。以国产气吸式玉米精密排种器和指夹式玉米精密排种器为试验对象,在模拟车速下,对系统排种盘转速现场标定的控制准确性进行试验。电驱气吸式排种器排种盘转速控制性能试验中,株距设定为25 cm,车速设定为3~12 km/h(间隔3 km/h),结果表明,系统调节时间最长为0.80 s,稳态误差最大为0.81 r/min,控制精度最低为97.42%。电驱指夹式排种器排种盘转速控制性能试验中,株距分别设定为20、25、32 cm,车速设定为4~9 km/h(间隔1 km/h),结果表明,总体排种盘转速平均调节时间为1.09 s,标准差为0.26 s;总体平均稳态误差为0.38 r/min,标准差为0.23 r/min;总体平均控制精度为98.30%,标准差为1.01%。与分段PID排种转速控制系统控制性能进行对比得出,支持转速现场标定的系统具有更好的适应性,平均调节时间减少0.51 s,平均稳态误差增大0.16 r/min,平均控制精度降低0.63个百分点。选用指夹式排种器,进行了播种均匀性田间试验,株距为20 cm,车速范围为4~7 km/h(间隔1 km/h),结果表明,播种合格指数大于等于84.26%,变异系数小于等于18.29%,说明系统能够完成对玉米精密排种器排种转速控制曲线的高控制精度现场标定,能够精准控制电驱排种转速。     

吉林省玉米施肥效果与肥料利用效率现状研究

【目的】本研究通过收集整理2005~2013年国家测土配方施肥项目在吉林省布置的1110个“3414”田间试验,分析了施用氮、磷、钾肥对玉米产量、经济效益的影响,测算了氮、磷、钾肥的利用效率,目的在于明确当前生产条件下吉林省玉米的施肥效果与肥料利用效率,为肥料的合理施用与配置提供依据。【方法】选取玉米“3414”田间试验的处理1（N₀P₀K₀）、处理2（N₀P₂K₂）、处理4（N₂P₀K₂）、处理6（N₂P₂K₂）和处理8（N₂P₂K₀）,分别记为不施肥（CK）、不施氮（-N）、不施磷（-P）、氮磷钾配施（NPK）和不施钾（-K）处理,研究不同施肥处理下的玉米产量、产值、施肥利润和产投比,比较增施氮、磷、钾肥的增产效应以及不同肥料的农学效率、偏生产力和肥料贡献率。另外,分析不施肥处理（缺素处理）玉米产量与相应肥料贡献率之间的关系,并利用模型进行模拟。【结果】不施肥条件下,当前吉林省玉米的平均产量和产值分别为6.6 t/hm2和1.21×103 yuan/hm2。施肥可显著提高玉米的产量和经济收益,其中以NPK处理的玉米产量和施肥利润最高,平均分别为10.1 t/hm2和5.07×103 yuan/hm2,其后分别为-K处理（8.9 t/hm2、3.27×103 yuan/hm2）、-P处理（8.7 t/hm2、2.83×103 yuan/hm2）和-N处理（7.7 t/hm2、1.39×103 yuan/hm2）。在其他养分施用基础上,增施氮、磷、钾肥可平均分别增产2.36 t/hm2（35.1%）、1.39 t/hm2（18.0%）和1.18 t/hm2（14.9%）,平均施肥利润分别为3.68×103、2.24×103和1.80×103 yuan/hm2。当前生产条件下,吉林省玉米在氮磷钾配施条件下的肥料农学效率、偏生产力和肥料贡献率分别为11.4 kg/kg N、32.8 kg/kg和34.7%,而增施氮、磷、钾肥的平均农学效率分别为14.3 kg/kg N、20.5 kg/kg P₂O₅和17.2 kg/kg K₂O,平均偏生产力分别为61.1、146.4和142.4 kg/kg,平均肥料贡献率分别为23.4%、14.1%和11.9%。分析发现,氮磷钾肥配施（或某一肥料）的肥料贡献率随不施肥处理（或相应缺素处理）玉米产量的提高而显著下降,且关系符合对数函数模型,说明提高基础地力可减少对外源肥料的依赖。【结论】吉林省玉米氮磷钾肥的增产效果和肥料利用率相比全国平均水平较高,但仍需重视氮肥管理以稳产增效,继续大力推广平衡适量施肥理念及相应技术,在实现作物增产的同时提高肥料利用效率并促进土壤培肥。     

劣质水灌溉对土壤盐碱化及作物产量的影响

长期的劣质水灌溉将导致土壤潜在的次生盐碱化。通过在以色列的大田试验,分析了劣质水灌溉对浅埋地下水位条件下土壤盐碱动态和作物产量的影响。试验在安装有暗管排水系统的试验田中进行。试验田土壤为粉砂粘土,种植有饲料玉米(Zea mays L.)。试验结果显示,高盐碱地下水的侧向运动和蒸发形成了试验田南半部和北半部土壤中盐碱度分布的巨大差异。在试验条件下,0～1.2 m土壤中的盐分在整个玉米生长期内平均增加了7.5%,碱度增大了19.6%。作物产量和植株高度与土壤含盐量成反比,籽粒产量受影响最为严重。利用冬季的降雨淋洗土壤盐分是维持本地区灌溉农业持续发展的关键。     

Overhead supplemental far-red light stimulates tomato growth under intra-canopy lighting with LEDs

Far-red(FR) light regulates phytochrome-mediated morphological and physiological plant responses.This study aims to investigate how greenhouse tomato morphology and production response to different durations of FR light during daytime and at the end of day(EOD).High-wire tomato plants were grown under intra-canopy lighting consisting of red(peak wavelength at 640 nm) and blue(peak wavelength at 450 nm) light-emitting diodes(LEDs) with photosynthetic photon flux density(PPFD) of 144 μmol m–2 s–1 at 10 cm away from the lamps,and combined with overhead supplemental FR light(peak wavelength at 735 nm) with PPFD of 43 μmol m–2 s–1 at 20 cm below the lamps.Plants were exposed to three durations of FR supplemental lighting including: 06:00–18:00(FR12),18:00–19:30(EOD-FR1.5),18:00–18:30(EOD-FR0.5),and control that without supplemental FR light.The results showed that supplemental FR light significantly stimulated stem elongation thereby resulting in longer plants compared with the control.Moreover,FR light altered leaf morphology toward higher leaf length/width ratio and larger leaf area.The altered plant architecture in FR supplemented plants led to a more homogeneous light distribution inside the canopy.Total plant biomass was increased by 9–16% under supplemental FR light in comparison with control,which led to 7–12% increase in ripe fruit yield.Soluble sugar content of the ripe tomato fruit was slightly decreased by longer exposure of the plants to FR light.Dry matter partitioning to different plant organs were not substantially affected by the FR light treatments.No significant differences were observed among the three FR light treatments in plant morphology as well as yield and biomass production.We conclude that under intra-canopy lighting,overhead supplemental FR light stimulates tomato growth and production.And supplementary of EOD-FR0.5 is more favorable,as it consumes less electricity but induces similar effects on plant morphology and yield.     

液体地膜育苗对棉花生育与产量的影响研究

研究了液体地膜育苗对棉花生长发育与产量的影响。试验表明 ,与塑料拱棚育苗相比 ,适量液体地膜( 5 0 0～ 75 0kg·hm 2 )育苗棉花增产显著。其增产机理是棉苗质量高 ,移栽后缓苗期短 ;叶面积大 ,生育前期增加快 ,后期下降幅度小 ;叶片光化学特性得到改善 ,棉铃蔗糖转化酶活性提高 ;成铃时空分布合理 ,优质铃数增加 ,铃重提高。在棉花生产中 ,采用液体地膜育苗是一项可行的技术     

Effect of fertigation frequency on soil nitrogen distribution and tomato yield under alternate partial root-zone drip irrigation

Alternate partial root-zone drip fertigation (ADF) is a combination of alternating irrigation and drip fertigation, with the potential to save water and increase nitrogen (N) fertilizer efficiency.  A 2-year greenhouse experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of different fertigation frequencies on the distribution of soil moisture and nutrients and tomato yield under ADF.  The treatments included three ADF frequencies with intervals of 3 days (F3), 6 days (F6) and 12 days (F12), and conventional drip fertigation as a control (CK), which was fertilized once every 6 days.  For the ADF treatments, two drip tapes were placed 10 cm away on each side of the tomato row, and alternate drip irrigation was realized using a manual valve on the distribution tapes.  For the CK treatment, a drip tape was located close to the roots of the tomato plants.  The total N application rate of all treatments was 180 kg ha–1.  The total irrigation amounts applied to the CK treatment were 450.6 and 446.1 mm in 2019 and 2020, respectively; and the irrigation amounts applied to the ADF treatments were 60% of those of the CK treatment.   The F3 treatment resulted in water and N being distributed mainly in the 0–40-cm soil layer with less water and N being distributed in the 40–60-cm soil layer.  The F6 treatment led to 21.0 and 29.0% higher 2-year average concentration of mineral N in the 0–20 and 20–40-cm soil layer, respectively and a 23.0% lower N concentration in the 40–60-cm soil layer than in the CK treatment.  The 2-year average tomato yields of the F3, F6, F12, and CK treatments were 107.5, 102.6, 87.2, and 98.7 t ha–1, respectively.  The tomato yield of F3 was significantly higher (23.3%) than that in the F12 treatment, whereas there was no significant difference between the F3 and F6 treatment.  The F6 treatment resulted in yield similar to the CK treatment, indicating that ADF could maintain tomato yield with a 40% saving in water use.  Based on the distribution of water and N, and tomato yield, a fertigation frequency of 6 days under ADF should be considered as a water-saving strategy for greenhouse tomato production.     

28份甘薯种质的产量和营养及食味评价

根据对比试验观测数据,评价了28份优质食用型甘薯种质的产量、营养和食味.结果表明:①烟紫薯176、海南黑肉薯和徐薯23等为优异育种材料;②紫薯的平均鲜薯产量、薯干产量和淀粉产量是黄薯和白薯的62.3％～ 73.2％,但其蛋白质、维生素C和胡萝卜素含量高于黄薯和白薯;③鲜薯、薯干和淀粉产量之间呈极显著正相关;鲜薯产量与干物率、粗淀粉含量均呈负相关;干物率和淀粉含量呈极显著正相关;可溶性糖含量与干物率、粗淀粉含量均呈极显著正相关;维生素C含量与干物率、淀粉含量均呈极显著正相关,与可溶性糖、蛋白质含量均呈显著正相关;食味与各产量性状、营养成分之间的相关性均不显著.