气吸式排种器的吸附性能分析与试验研究

以分子技术自动化育种设备的气吸式排种器为对象,使用ANSYS Workbench软件,运用正交试验原理对影响吸嘴吸附力的真空度、吸嘴孔径、入口锥角、种子与吸嘴距离4个因素进行仿真试验研究。根据数据统计结果分析了3种出气口位置对各吸嘴吸附力的影响,并在试验样机上对结果进行验证。结果表明:影响因素从主到次为种子与吸嘴距离、真空度、吸嘴孔径、入口锥角;种子与吸嘴的距离为主要影响因素,其他3个因素影响并不显著;出气口的3种布置方式中,当出气口距汇流管两端距离为170mm时,各吸嘴吸附力分布均匀且平均值最大。     

射流泵内部流动计算中不同湍流模拟方法的比较

为了掌握射流泵中工作流体与被吸流体的混合过程,通过基于雷诺平均N-S方程(RANS)的不同双方程湍流模型以及大涡模拟(LES)对射流泵内部三维单相流场进行数值模拟,并将这些模型的计算结果和试验值进行对比,研究了适合射流泵模型的数值方法,并在此基础上,对不同工况下射流泵的内部流动进行了分析．结果表明:采用LES方法对射流泵湍流场进行模拟计算的结果是可靠的,无论是压力比还是效率,LES模型的数值模拟结果均与试验值吻合较好;采用双方程模型预测的喉管段高速核心区在混合过程中能量耗散过快,且没有预测出剪切层的旋涡结构,只有LES方法才能得到合理的旋涡结构,从而能准确地反映出大流量工况时剪切层中工作流体和被吸流体间的动量和能量输运及混合过程,因此LES所预测的射流泵的能量特性比其他湍流模型更接近试验值;流量比越大,工作流体与被吸流体在喉管内的混合位置越靠后,势流核区沿轴向区域越长,均匀混合后的轴向速度越大．     

竹炭对生物油模型组分的吸附特性试验

以竹子为前躯体热解制得竹炭,选取糠醛、乙酸、苯酚、葡萄糖为生物油模型化合物,研究竹炭对生物油模型组成各单组分的静态吸附特性及双、四组分混合下的竞争吸附行为。结果表明：竹炭对不同组分的吸附特性存在较大差异;单组分吸附24h,竹炭对糠醛的吸附量最大,乙酸次之,对葡萄糖的吸附量最小;吸附平衡时,竹炭对苯酚的吸附量将超过乙酸;糠醛-葡萄糖双组分竞争下,竹炭对糠醛显示出强烈的选择性吸附特征;4种组分竞争下,各组分吸附量相对单组分均有所下降,其中乙酸降幅最大,且乙酸等物质在吸附过程中出现浓度突变现象,这可能是因为吸附性能较好的糠醛将已经吸附的乙酸从竹炭上置换下来;在选用的所有试验工况下,竹炭对葡萄糖均表现出低的吸附态势。     

黄土性土壤在连续液流条件下吸附、解吸磷酸根的动力学研究

采用连续液流法研究了黄土性土壤吸附,解吸磷酸根的动力学性质。结果表明：（１）供试土壤对磷酸根的吸附,解吸扫速率可分为快,中,慢三种反应类型;（２）描述吸附,解吸反应的最优模型均为Ｅｌｏｖｉｃｈ方程,最差模型分别为一级反应方程及双常数方程,拟合差的模型对反应速率变化“敏感”,可用于反应类型划分和机理研究;（３）粘粒含量及代换量对吸附速率有著影响,游离铁对吸附速率,ＣａＣＯ３对较低温度下的吸附及较高温     

硫酸盐对锌和镉在可变电荷土壤上吸附的影响

SO4^2- and Zn^2 or Cd^2 were added to three variable charge soils in different sequences.In one sequence sulfate was added first ,and in the other,Zn^2 or Cd^2 first.The addition of sulfate to the system invariably caused an increase in adsorption of the heavy metal added,with the effect more remarkable whn the soil reacted with the sulfate prior to the metal.the shift in pH50 for both Zn and Cd adsorption was aslo comparatively larger in the first sequence of reactions .It was suggested that the increase in negative charge density and the resultant negative potential of the soil were the primary cause of the pronounced effect of sulfate on adsorption of Zn or Cd,and the formaiton of the ternary surface complex-S-SO4-M might also play a role in the effect.     

The effect of soil flooding on the transformation of Fe oxides and the adsorption/desorption behavior of phosphate

As repeatedly reported, soil flooding improves the availability of P to rice. This is in contrast with an increased P sorption in paddy soils. The effects of soil flooding on the transformation of Fe oxides and the adsorption/desorption of P of two paddy soils of Zhejiang Province in Southeast‐China were studied in anaerobic incubation experiments (submerging with water in N₂ atmosphere). Soil flooding significantly increased oxalate‐extractable Fe (Fe_ox), mainly at the expense of dithionite‐soluble Fe (Fe_DCB), as well as oxalate‐extractable P (P_ox), but decreased the ratio of P_ox/Fe_ox. Flooding largely increased both, P adsorption and the maximum P adsorption capacity. The majority of newly sorbed P in the soils was P_ox, but also more newly retained P was found to be not extractable by oxalate. Flooding also changed the characteristics of P desorption in the soils. Due to a decrease of the saturation index of the P sorption capacity, P adsorbed by flooded soils was much less desorbable than that from non‐flooded soils. There are obviously significant differences in the nature of both, the Fe_ox and P_ox fractions under non‐flooded and flooded conditions. The degree of the changes in Fe_ox, P_ox, P adsorption and P desorption by flooding depended on the contents of amorphous and total Fe oxides in non‐flooded soils. Our results confirm that the adsorption and desorption behavior of P in paddy soils is largely controlled by the transformation of the Fe oxides. The reasons of the often‐reported improved P availability to rice induced by flooding, in spite of the unfavorable effect on P desorbability, are discussed.     

有机肥非水溶性分解产物对 铜 、镉吸附及解吸的影响

研究了稻草、紫云英和猪粪淹水培养的非水溶性分解产物、两种土壤( 红壤、潮土) 与这 3 种有机肥共同淹水培养后的非水溶性产物( 水溶性物质被除去) 对铜、镉的沉淀、吸附及解吸作 用的影响。 结果表明, 当铜初始浓度为 10-4mol/ L, pH <6 时有机残渣促进铜的沉淀;当 pH >6 时则抑制了铜的沉淀。 当铜初始浓度降为 10-5mol/ L 时, 有机残渣对铜沉淀的促进作用加强。 3 种有机残渣均促进镉的沉淀, 但促进程度比铜低。 与有机肥共同培养的红壤, 在相同的 pH 条 件下, 提高对铜、镉的吸附;在不调节 pH 条件下, 由于有机肥料有提高 pH 的作用, 进一步提高 对铜 、镉的吸附。 与有机肥共同培养的潮土, 在相同的 pH 条件下, 对铜、镉吸附的影响很小;在 不调节 pH 时, 提高了潮土对铜的吸附, 但对镉吸附的影响则较复杂。 上述结果表明, 有机肥的 非水溶性分解产物主要通过提高体系的 pH 值、与铜、镉形成不溶性的络合物而影响铜、镉的吸 附。 与有机物料共同培养的红壤所吸附的铜、镉的解吸率均不同程度降低。     

Occurrence of Polycyclic Musks in Sewage Sludge and their Behaviour in Soils and Plants. Part 1: Behaviour of Polycyclic Musks in Sewage Sludge of Different Treatment Plants in Summer and Winter (5 pp)

Background, Aim and Scope   Part 1: Behaviour of Polycyclic Musks in Sewage Sludge of Different Treatment Plants in Summer and Winter Part 2: Investigation of Polycyclic Musks in Soils and Plants -  Preamble. In Part 1 of the study, screening tests were performed to investigate the occurrence of PCMs in sewage sludges. For a preliminary risk assessment, further information is needed about their behaviour in the terrestrial environment. Hence, Part 2 examined the adsorption of PCMs to soil, their dissipation and leaching in soil and their uptake by plants. Background, Aim and Scope   Polycyclic Musks (PCMs) enter the environment via the waste water system. Because of their persistence, they can accumulate in different matrices like sewage sludge or biota. By the use of sewage sludge as a fertilizer, PCMs are transferred to agricultural soils. Therefore, in Part 1 of the study, screening tests were performed to investigate the occurrence of PCMs in sewage sludge. For a preliminary risk assessment, further information is needed about their behaviour in the terrestrial environment. Hence, Part 2 of the study examined the adsorption of PCMs to soil, their dissipation and leaching in soil, and their uptake by plants. Materials and Methods: In the screening study, samples of activated sewage sludge were taken both in summer and in winter at 21 treatment plants. In order to get an overview of the contamination situation, sampling covered different types of treatment plants (in rural, urban, industrial areas). Analytical methods for the determination of HHCB, AHTN, ADBI, ATTN, AHDI and ATII in the sludge samples were developed and applied. Results: The analytical screening of PCMs showed their presence in activated and dried sewage sludge samples. HHCB and AHTN represented about 95% of the PCMs investigated. Their concentrations in the activated sludge samples varied between 2.9 and 10.4 mg/kg dry mass (dm) and 1.1 to 4.2 mg/kg dm, respectively. Although different types of sewage treatment plants were investigated, similar PCM levels were found, showing the widespread input of these compounds into domestic waste water. Discussion: PCM concentrations in activated sludge varied widely. The variation drops substantially when concentrations are related to the varying dry mass. In dehydrated sludge, PCM concentrations were up to 24 mg/kg dm for HHCB and up to 6.9 mg/kg dm for AHTN. These high values are comparable to those obtained in other investigations analysing PCMs. If the degradation of organic mass during anaerobic decomposition is included in the evaluation, the figures obtained are comparable to those for activated sludge. Elimination in sewage sludge was higher in summer than in winter. Therefore, the contamination of the sludges in winter reached higher levels compared to the summer. Conclusions: The results show that PCMs are widespread contaminants in sewage sludge. Recommendations and Perspectives: PCM should be considered in a risk assessment as potential contaminants of sewage sludge destined for agricultural use. Due to the high PCM levels in sewage sludge, further investigations into the degradation and elimination behaviour in sewage sludge have to be carried out, including that involving PCM metabolites such as lactone derivatives.     

pH对砖红壤和黄棕壤Cu~(2+)吸附与解吸的影响

对砖红壤和黄棕壤在不同浓度、不同pH下吸附和解吸Cu2+进行了测定。结果表明, 2种土壤Cu2+吸附量均随平衡液中Cu2+浓度增加而增大,两者关系较好地符合Langmuir吸附方程。Cu2+吸附量随pH升高而增加,Cu2+分配系数的对数与pH呈极显著的线性正相关,吸附一个Cu2+所释放H+的平均数砖红壤(1. 19)大于黄棕壤(1. 01)。可解吸Cu2+的数量随pH升高和吸附Cu2+的数量增加而增加,在pH4~6下,黄棕壤吸附Cu2+及可解吸Cu2+的比例(平均为10. 5% )大于砖红壤(平均为3. 1% )。由此认为, 2种土壤吸附Cu2+虽以专性吸附为主,但砖红壤的表面吸附点位较少,专性吸附点位的比例较高,对Cu2+的亲和性或专性吸附性大于黄棕壤。     

大孔树脂对紫甘薯色素的吸附与解吸特性研究

为了选择紫甘薯色素粗提液纯化性能较好的树脂，采用AB-8型、S-8型、NKA-II型和NKA-9型4种大孔树脂对紫甘薯色素进行了吸附与解吸试验，研究了大孔树脂对紫甘薯色素的静态吸附动力学曲线、吸附等温曲线及解吸特性。结果表明：在4种树脂中，AB-8型树脂吸附平衡的速率常数为最大，对紫甘薯色素的吸附量和解吸量分别是S-8、NKA-II及NKA-9的119%，139%，118%和105%，116%，118%，因而AB-8型大孔树脂是用于纯化紫甘薯色素较为合适的吸附剂，解吸时宜选用60%乙醇溶液。