改性花生壳对水中Cd^2＋和Pb^2＋的吸附研究

用高锰酸钾对花生壳进行改性,制成改性花生壳吸附材料,并进一步就该吸附剂对水中重金属离子Pb^2＋、Cd^2＋的吸附去除性能进行了考察,结果表明,吸附在18h后基本达到平衡,吸附Pb^2＋和Cd^2＋最佳初始pH值分别为4.5和6.5,对Pb^2＋的吸附量最大达到104.75mg·g^-1,对Cd^2＋的吸附量最大达到43.11mg·g^-1。对Pb^2＋和Cd^2＋在该吸附剂上的竞争吸附研究结果表明,竞争吸附的干扰使得Cd^2＋的吸附量降低88.47%,Pb^2＋的吸附量降低20.80%,且Pb^2＋的吸附量为Cd^2＋的5-6倍,吸附剂对重金属离子的吸附选择顺序为Pb^2＋〉Cd^2＋。     

镁铝双氢氧化物和镁铁铝改性蒙脱土去除水体中磷的吸附效果研究

通过间歇式批实验和动力学实验研究了不同pH条件下磷酸盐在镁铝双氢氧化物（Mg-Al-LDH）、钠基膨润土（Na-Mt）及镁铁铝改性膨润土（Mg-Al-Mt、Fe-Mt和Fe-Al-Mt）的吸附特征。结果表明,在pH4.5～9.0范围内,随着pH的升高,Na-Mt,Fe-Mt和Fe-Al-Mt3种矿物对磷的吸附率相应减少,镁铝双氢氧化物对磷的吸附率有所增加;Mg-Al-LDH、Fe-Mt和Fe-Al-Mt的对磷吸附率约为95%,比Mg-Al-Mt高40%,比Na-Mt高80%。用Langmuir方程描述磷的等温吸附过程,最大吸附容量（Qm）大小顺序为Fe-Al-Mt〉Fe-Mt〉Mg-Al-LDH〉Mg-Al-Mt〉Na-Mt,b值大小依次为Mg-Al-LDH〉Fe-Mt〉Fe-Al-Mt〉Mg-Al-Mt〉Na-Mt,最大缓冲容量（Qmb）以Mg-Al-LDH的为最大,Na-Mt的为最小;Freundlich等温吸附方程参数KF代表相对吸附容量,以Mg-Al-LDH的KF值最高,依次是Fe-Mt、Fe-Al-Mt和Mg-Al-Mt,Na-Mt的KF值最小,这与Qmb的结果一致;决定系数（R2）表明,Langmuir等温吸附方程能更好地拟合铁改性蒙脱土和铁铝改性蒙脱土,而Freundlich方程对钠蒙脱土,双氢氧化物和镁铝改性蒙脱土的拟合效果要好。磷酸盐吸附过程分为快反应和慢反应,用动力学实验数据进行拟合,准二级动力学方程能够更好的拟合改性蒙脱土和Mg-Al-LDH对磷的动力学吸附数据,其决定系数为0.999;Elovich方程拟合改性蒙脱土磷酸盐的吸附数据也有很好的相关性（R2为0.89～0.94）。Na-Mt矿物磷酸盐的吸附用抛物线扩散方程描述最为合适,原因可能是磷酸盐镶嵌在矿物层间是一个扩散过程,不涉及化学吸附过程。     

草酸对不同土壤中Cd Zn吸附及其交互作用影响的初步研究

研究了草酸对Cd2＋、Zn2＋单一及复合条件下在陕西塿土、黄绵土、黑垆土、黄褐土、砂土5种土壤中的吸附特征,并探讨了草酸的影响机制。结果表明,除在低Zn2＋平衡浓度下,5种土壤中草酸促进了Zn2＋的吸附外,总体上在Cd2＋、Zn2＋单一处理及其复合处理中,草酸降低了土壤对Cd2＋、Zn2＋的吸附。草酸既没有改变塿土、黑垆土吸附能力最强、砂土吸附能力最弱的结果,也没有改变Cd2＋、Zn2＋之间的相互拮抗作用。草酸对Cd2＋、Zn2＋吸附的影响机制主要在于其与Cd2＋、Zn2＋形成络合物。草酸主要通过降低电性引力的方式减弱土壤对Cd2＋的吸附能力,而对于Zn2＋,在低平衡浓度下,草酸对Zn2＋吸附的促进作用来源于在土壤氧化物矿物表面形成少量的三元表面络合物的桥键合效应,在高平衡浓度下,对Zn2＋吸附的抑制作用来源于草酸对土壤有机质化学吸附点位的竞争。对Cd2＋、Zn2＋吸附起决定作用的依然是土壤本身性质。     

改良耕层土壤中苯胺的吸附动力学

研究有机改良土壤对污染物的动力学吸附特征,有助于深入了解其对污染物的吸附机制。以十六烷基三甲基溴化铵单一改良（CB）和十六烷基三甲基溴化铵＋十二烷基磺酸钠混合改良（CS）塿土耕层土样,采用批处理法通过不同的速度参数研究了改良土壤对苯胺的吸附动力学特征,并与苯酚对比探讨改良土样对有机污染物吸附的动力学机制。结果表明,塿土耕层土样的有机改良能够显著加快对苯胺的吸附速度,苯胺的吸附反应呈现快速反应和慢速反应两个阶段,且以快速吸附反应为主。总体上耕层土样Vt、V0.5、Vf的大小顺序均为100CB＆gt;120CS＆gt;（≈）50CB＆gt;CK。随温度升高和苯胺添加浓度增大,苯胺吸附速度增大,苯胺、苯酚的吸附动力学特征在改良土样上具有良好的相似性,从而证实有机污染物以分子状态存在导致的单一疏水吸附是改良土样吸附的决定机制。     

Adsorption of Cr(VI) ion on synthetic hydrated oxides of iron

Abstract

The adsorption of Cr(VI) ion on synthetic hydrated oxides of iron (goethite (α-FeOOH) and lepidocrocite (γ-FeOOH)) with different crystallinities was studied in order to remove the Cr(VI) ion from polluted water. At pH 4.5, the amounts of the adsorbed Cr(V1) ion on goethite and lepidocrocite were 51.9 and 62.2 mmol g^?, respectively. Probably, this is due to the fact that the structure of lepidocrocite is more open than that of goethite. Lepidocrocite, therefore, is more effective for the removal of Cr( V1) ion from Cr(Vl)-contaminated and acidic groundwater and sewage.     

猪RBP1和RBP4基因的定位、组织表达谱分析、多态研究及相关分析

类维生素A（维生素A及其代谢产物）在动物的视觉、生长、繁殖、细胞的分化及胚胎发育等方面起重要的作用。利用猪的辐射杂种克隆板，将猪细胞视黄醇结合蛋白基因1（RBP1）和猪血浆视黄醇结合蛋白基因4（RBP4）分别定位在猪13号和14号染色体上。利用半定量RT－PCR方法，对这两个基因在成年五指山猪十二种不同组织（肺、骨骼肌、脾、心脏、胃、大肠、淋巴结、小肠、肝、大脑、肾、脂肪）的组织表达谱进行了分析。在猪的血浆视黄醇结合蛋白基因4中，发现一个单核苷酸多态位点（RBP4-A/G156），并用基于聚合酶链式反应的限制性片段长度多态性方法(PCR-RFLP)，对这一多态在莱芜黑猪、五指山小型猪、贵州小型猪、广西巴马小型猪和通城实验猪群中的分布进行了研究。在通城实验猪群中，进行了不同基因型与性状间的关联分析，发现其不同的基因型与胴体直长、胴体斜长、血红蛋白浓度、平均血细胞血红蛋白量、达上市体重日龄高度相关。在猪的生产和育种中，这一多态位点可能会成为有用的分子标记。     

Occurrence of Polycyclic Musks in Sewage Sludge and their Behaviour in Soils and Plants. Part 1: Behaviour of Polycyclic Musks in Sewage Sludge of Different Treatment Plants in Summer and Winter (5 pp)

Background, Aim and Scope   Part 1: Behaviour of Polycyclic Musks in Sewage Sludge of Different Treatment Plants in Summer and Winter Part 2: Investigation of Polycyclic Musks in Soils and Plants -  Preamble. In Part 1 of the study, screening tests were performed to investigate the occurrence of PCMs in sewage sludges. For a preliminary risk assessment, further information is needed about their behaviour in the terrestrial environment. Hence, Part 2 examined the adsorption of PCMs to soil, their dissipation and leaching in soil and their uptake by plants. Background, Aim and Scope   Polycyclic Musks (PCMs) enter the environment via the waste water system. Because of their persistence, they can accumulate in different matrices like sewage sludge or biota. By the use of sewage sludge as a fertilizer, PCMs are transferred to agricultural soils. Therefore, in Part 1 of the study, screening tests were performed to investigate the occurrence of PCMs in sewage sludge. For a preliminary risk assessment, further information is needed about their behaviour in the terrestrial environment. Hence, Part 2 of the study examined the adsorption of PCMs to soil, their dissipation and leaching in soil, and their uptake by plants. Materials and Methods: In the screening study, samples of activated sewage sludge were taken both in summer and in winter at 21 treatment plants. In order to get an overview of the contamination situation, sampling covered different types of treatment plants (in rural, urban, industrial areas). Analytical methods for the determination of HHCB, AHTN, ADBI, ATTN, AHDI and ATII in the sludge samples were developed and applied. Results: The analytical screening of PCMs showed their presence in activated and dried sewage sludge samples. HHCB and AHTN represented about 95% of the PCMs investigated. Their concentrations in the activated sludge samples varied between 2.9 and 10.4 mg/kg dry mass (dm) and 1.1 to 4.2 mg/kg dm, respectively. Although different types of sewage treatment plants were investigated, similar PCM levels were found, showing the widespread input of these compounds into domestic waste water. Discussion: PCM concentrations in activated sludge varied widely. The variation drops substantially when concentrations are related to the varying dry mass. In dehydrated sludge, PCM concentrations were up to 24 mg/kg dm for HHCB and up to 6.9 mg/kg dm for AHTN. These high values are comparable to those obtained in other investigations analysing PCMs. If the degradation of organic mass during anaerobic decomposition is included in the evaluation, the figures obtained are comparable to those for activated sludge. Elimination in sewage sludge was higher in summer than in winter. Therefore, the contamination of the sludges in winter reached higher levels compared to the summer. Conclusions: The results show that PCMs are widespread contaminants in sewage sludge. Recommendations and Perspectives: PCM should be considered in a risk assessment as potential contaminants of sewage sludge destined for agricultural use. Due to the high PCM levels in sewage sludge, further investigations into the degradation and elimination behaviour in sewage sludge have to be carried out, including that involving PCM metabolites such as lactone derivatives.     

pH对砖红壤和黄棕壤Cu~(2+)吸附与解吸的影响

对砖红壤和黄棕壤在不同浓度、不同pH下吸附和解吸Cu2+进行了测定。结果表明, 2种土壤Cu2+吸附量均随平衡液中Cu2+浓度增加而增大,两者关系较好地符合Langmuir吸附方程。Cu2+吸附量随pH升高而增加,Cu2+分配系数的对数与pH呈极显著的线性正相关,吸附一个Cu2+所释放H+的平均数砖红壤(1. 19)大于黄棕壤(1. 01)。可解吸Cu2+的数量随pH升高和吸附Cu2+的数量增加而增加,在pH4~6下,黄棕壤吸附Cu2+及可解吸Cu2+的比例(平均为10. 5% )大于砖红壤(平均为3. 1% )。由此认为, 2种土壤吸附Cu2+虽以专性吸附为主,但砖红壤的表面吸附点位较少,专性吸附点位的比例较高,对Cu2+的亲和性或专性吸附性大于黄棕壤。     

几种有机酸对恒电荷和可变电荷土壤吸附Cu2+的影响

以恒电荷土壤(黄褐土和黄棕壤)和可变电荷土壤(红壤和砖红壤)为供试材料,研究了乙酸、草酸、酒石酸和柠檬酸对土壤吸附重金属铜离子(Cu2 )的影响。结果表明,在相同酒石酸浓度下,土壤对酒石酸的吸附量依次为黄棕壤(2 1 8mmolkg-1) >红壤(15 4mmolkg-1) >砖红壤(9 5mmolkg-1) ,土壤吸附有机酸后负电荷量增加,相同条件下增幅为砖红壤>红壤>黄棕壤;无有机酸配体时,供试土壤对Cu2 的吸附量为黄褐土>黄棕壤>砖红壤>红壤;加入有机酸时,随有机酸浓度增高,土壤对Cu2 的吸附一般表现为“峰”形曲线,峰所对应的有机酸浓度因有机酸类型而异,且随土壤可变电荷性质增强而增高;土壤吸附有机酸后对Cu2 的次级吸附不同于有机酸与铜共存时的竞争吸附,且因土壤性质表现迥异。这些结果意味着在存在有机酸配体的根际环境中,恒电荷土壤与可变电荷土壤对Cu2 的吸附明显不同,并将影响重金属离子在根际的转化与有效性     

基于高光谱与集成学习的单粒玉米种子水分检测模型

为建立单粒玉米种子水分含量的高精度检测模型,制备了80份不同水分含量的玉米种子样本。针对玉米种胚朝上和种胚朝下分别进行高光谱反射图像采集,每份样本取样100粒,波长范围为968.05～2 575.05 nm。采用PCA快速提取单粒种子光谱,经多元散射校正预处理后,分别采用随机森林(RF)和AdaBoost算法建立单粒种子水分检测模型,并集成两种算法特征提出基于加权策略的改进RF用于单粒种子水分含量建模。利用单粒玉米种子胚朝上的光谱信息建立的改进RF模型训练集相关系数R为0.969,训练集均方根误差(RMSEC)为0.094%,测试集R为0.881,测试集均方根误差(RMSEP)为0.404%;利用单粒玉米种子胚朝下的光谱信息建立的改进RF模型训练集R为0.966,RMSEC为0.100%,测试集R为0.793,RMSEP为0.544%。实验结果表明：改进RF的泛化能力和预测精度明显优于RF和AdaBoost算法;种胚朝上的单粒玉米种子水分含量检测模型优于种胚朝下的模型。高光谱检测技术结合集成学习算法建立的玉米种子水分检测模型预测精度高,稳健性好。