长期不同氮肥施用量对潮土团聚体分布和真菌群落组成的影响

不同氮肥施用量显著改变团聚体分布、真菌群落组成及生物胶结物质的产生，但它们之间是否存在相关性尚不清楚。以中国科学院封丘农业生态实验站长期定位试验（2005—2020年）为研究平台，其包含5个施氮水平：0（F0）、150 kg?hm-2（F1）、190 kg?hm-2（F2）、230 kg?hm-2（F3）和270 kg?hm-2（F4），研究了不同施氮量对土壤团聚体组成（>2 000 μm、2 000～250 μm、250～53 μm和<53 μm）的影响，以及团聚体组成与生物胶结物质（球囊霉素相关土壤蛋白（GRSP）及微生物生物量碳（MBC））和土壤真菌之间的相关关系。结果表明，土壤团聚体分布和真菌群落组成分为显著不同的3组，分别为F0、F1和F2以及F3和F4，其中，（1）F1和F2处理团聚体平均重量直径（MWD）最高，同时大于2 000 μm团聚体的质量比例显著增加，并与拟棘壳孢属（Pyrenochaetopsis）富集有关；（2）F1和F2、F3和F4处理均表现为2 000～250 μm团聚体的质量比例增加，而小于53 μm粉黏粒质量比例显著降低，2 000～250 μm团聚体的质量比例增加主要与易提取球囊霉素和总球囊霉素相关土壤蛋白比值（EE-GRSP/T-GRSP）以及易提取球囊霉素相关土壤蛋白（EE-GRSP）显著正相关，而与亚隔孢壳属（Didymella）和被孢霉属（Mortierella）相对丰度显著负相关；小于53 μm粉黏粒质量比例显著降低主要与被孢霉属（Mortierella）、白腐菌属（Phlebia）、黑孢壳属（Melanospora）、Fusicolla、柄孢壳属（Podospora）和亚隔孢壳属（Didymella）相对丰度显著正相关，而与EE-GRSP和/或支顶孢属（Acremonium）、柱霉属（Scytalidium）、外瓶霉属（Exophiala）、EE-GRSP/T-GRSP、MBC显著负相关。因此，土壤团聚体稳定性的变异程度受氮肥施用水平影响。本研究条件下，150 kg?hm-2和190 kg?hm-2施氮水平下的团聚体稳定性超过230 kg?hm-2和270 kg?hm-2施氮水平，与不同施氮量下真菌群落组成及其胶结物质变化显著相关。     

一种管道水培叶菜变方位包络定心抓取方式

将不同位姿的水培叶菜包络定心夹持到种植孔中心取出，是实现茎秆精准根切，避免根部残留在管道内的关键。针对定方位抓取方式在一些方位上对叶菜向心包络扶起作用小，抓取成功率低的问题，提出一种在夹持过程中使夹手相对种植孔中心转动的变方位抓取方式。以水培绿宝芥蓝为抓取对象，建立夹手张开伸入、绕种植孔中心转动及闭合夹紧时的尺寸参数关系模型；构建包络定心夹持多刚体动力学仿真模型，对初始倾角为50°、65°和80°，相对种植孔边缘均布的8个方位P₁～P₈上的芥蓝进行包络夹持过程仿真分析；搭建抓取试验平台，对初始倾角为45°～60°、>60°～75°和 >75°～90°，方位为P₁～P₈的芥蓝进行抓取试验。分析确定两手指初始张开角为15°，闭合夹角为30°，夹手变方位转动角为45°，夹手转动速度为两手指转动速度的2倍。仿真获得的变方位夹持倾角为82.18°～88.96°，优于定方位夹持倾角80.32°～88.57°；抓取试验获得的变方位抓持倾角为82.83°～89.65°，优于定方位抓持倾角70.70°～89.27°，仿真与试验结果具有较好一致性，表明变方位夹持不同位姿芥蓝的向心包络扶起作用效果更好。3种初始倾角的变方位抓取试验获得的成功率均值分别为91.67%、95.83%和100.00%，定方位抓取成功率均值分别为87.50%、91.67%和100.00%，表明初始倾角越大抓取机构可获得的抓取成功率越高，变方位抓取初始倾角小的芥蓝可获得更高的成功率；不计P₂方位双层手指伸入碰倒芥蓝样本，变方位抓取获得的最小抓取成功率均值为91.70%，相比定方位在P₁～P₈方位上均具有更好的包络定心抓取效果。研究可为管道水培叶菜采收装备的研制提供依据。     

大型高速动静压轴承的试验研究

对一重型磨床上的大型特殊结构的动静压轴承进行了实验研究，完善了一大型高速动静压轴承试验台，改进了基于频谱分析动静压轴承动特性测试方法，实验中着重考虑了激振频率的影响，得出了一些有实用价值的结论。     

杉木形态结构可视化模拟调查方法研究

树木可视化模拟首先是树木形态结构的模拟,对树木形态结构的准确了解对于提高模拟精度至关重要。杉木是我国特有的重要用材树种,从杉木可视化模拟的角度出发,针对杉木的形态结构建模所需的参数,从杉木的整体信息和分枝信息两个方面设计了杉木形态结构调查因子,并提出了相应的调查方法。对所调查的杉木数据进行了统计分析,得出了杉木的结构特征:杉木一级枝仰角主要分布在60~°90°内,方位角基本属于均匀分布,二级枝分布在水平方向上;随着枝下距的增加,枝长减少;枝长越长,子枝个数越多。     

Repeated annual drought has minor long‐term influence on δ13C and alkane composition of plant and soil in model grassland and heathland ecosystems

As a result of global climate change the incidence of drought conditions in Europe is predicted to increase in the future, which also influences plant resistance. Lipids are important plant constituents that protect plants against drought stress and contribute to the intermediate stable carbon (C) pool in soil. However, the extent to which drought influences lipid cycling in the plant–soil system is unknown and, therefore, it remains questionable how the ecosystem recovers after drought. We focused on plant and soil samples from two different plant communities (temperate grassland and heathland) that had been exposed to 5 years of 4.5–6.0 weeks repeated annual drought. They were sampled one year after the last drought to check the recovery of the plant–soil system. Samples were analyzed for their bulk C, stable C and nitrogen (N) isotope (δ¹³C, δ¹⁵N) and lipid composition. Contrary to our expectation, no strong influence of five years of repeated annual drought was observed for above‐ground biomass, roots and soils in the model ecosystems with respect to elemental (C and N concentrations, C : N ratio) bulk isotope (δ¹³C, δ¹⁵N) composition and the total extractable lipid concentration. Thus, plants did not sustain a significant change in their C and lipid concentration as well as their composition after five years of repeated annual drought. This might be related to the comparatively short drought period related to the overall growth season and provides evidence for recovery of the C and lipid dynamics in temperate grassland and heathland model ecosystems exposed to annual drought.     

流动改进剂降低含水原油转相点试验

针对大庆油田地面集输管路中含水原油随含水率的增大导致其流变性发生的情况,开展了在室内水平管试验装置中向含水原油中加入DODE系列流动改进剂后的流动试验,探讨了DODE系列流动改进剂对含水率与表观粘度之间关系的影响规律.试验结果表明,含水原油中添加DODE系列流动改进剂可以使含水原油的转相点提前到35%～45%之间,提前形成具有适度稳定性的水包油型原油乳状液,显著降低了原油的表观粘度,改善了原油的低温流动性能,并且节能降耗.     

独立学院植物生产类专业植物形态解剖实验实践教改研究

对独立学院植物生产类专业的专业基础课植物形态解剖实验实践的教学目标、教学内容、教学方法、考核手段等方面进行了较深入的分析,从培养独立学院学生理论结合实践的能力、解决实际问题的能力等方面提出了教改的内容与实施措施,并在学生中初步实验验证,效果良好。     

Photoperiodic effect on flowering and seed development in quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.)

Abstract

Sensitivity to photoperiod in quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) was studied under controlled conditions to enhance crop adaptation to environments outside its centre of origin. Two varieties, a traditional variety from Bolivia (Real), which will not mature under Danish conditions, and an early maturing variety (Q52), developed for Danish climatic conditions, were used in this reciprocal transfer experiment. Plants were moved from a short daylength of 10 h (SD) to a long daylength of 18 h (LD) and vice versa at set intervals from sowing to 100 days after sowing (DAS). A reaction of LD in time to flowering was observed only in the Bolivian variety Real. Under SD both varieties flowered after 39 DAS. For Real the LD regime resulted in a moderate increase in time to flowering to 44 DAS. The non-sensitive, juvenile period in Real was estimated to be approximately 16 days. In Q52 a moderate increase in the number of leaves was formed on the main stem after flowering at LD, which indicates that some daylength sensitivity remains. The most striking difference occurred during seed filling, when going from SD to LD. In Q52 the time from the end of flowering to maturity increased from 39 to 52 days. Under SD, Real had a seed-filling period similar to Q52, but at LD Real remained with green leaves during seed filling. Hard seed was observed in the still green perigonium 57 days after end of flowering. At this moment re-shooting occurred from the inflorescence, and seed maturity was not reached at the termination of the experiment at 150 DAS. This study shows that flower induction is not a major problem for adaptation of quinoa to North European conditions but that a very strong, daylength sensitive, stay green reaction is the main cause of the late maturity of South American introductions.     

光黑腹菌及其半人工模拟合成研究

光黑腹菌是华南地区多种松树林中常见的菌根真菌,也是极有开发利用价值的食用菌。在自然条件下,每1/15hm~2林地中年产鲜菇约4.6～6.0kg。该菌富含16种氨基酸,具含量分别为银耳的1～3倍,其中胱氨酸含量高达银耳的22倍。该菌在MMN培养基上极易分离培养,利用菌根技术在湿地松幼苗上接种,3个月后菌根感染率达86.6％～93.3％;7个月的接种苗比对照苗平均增高15.9％～19.3％,接种10～11个月后,有25％的幼苗根部分别长出1～2个子实体。     

《食品试验设计与统计分析》课程教学设想

针对目前食品试验设计与统计分析教学中存在的急需解决的问题,结合生物统计学的相关教学改革,笔者提出对食品试验设计与统计分析课堂教学优化的一些思考与见解,以期为提高食品科学与工程专业食品试验设计与统计分析教学质量提供新思路。