多功能目标下的近自然森林经营作业法研究

基于海南省热带人工林近自然化改造的实例,介绍在森林生态系统多功能可持续经营目标指导下的近自然森林作业法设计的理论基础和实现技术。作业级是一个自然性质、动态特征和经营目标基本一致的经营空间类型,而立地条件和功能类型是用于界定和划分作业级的技术指标。森林发展类型是在作业级层次上应用的长期稳定的目标森林设计模式;林分抚育作业方法是在发展类型目标导向下规定本经理期内对当前林分执行具体抚育、采伐或补植（造林）等具体作业技术的模式方法;垂直结构导向的经营周期计划给出了从森林发生发展到最终利用全过程的经营规划,这些技术要素的有机组合构成多功能目标的森林作业法的基本内容。期望通过这个在＂作业级＂层面的近自然森林作业法实例介绍,为多功能经营目标下的新型森林作业法研究提供启发和案例。     

中等立地杉木系列化造林初探

本文对闽北山区中等立地条件下采取系列化组装配套的造林技术措施,营造的杉木试验林进行探讨。结果表明,该试验林(幼林阶段)历年生长量均超过杉木速生丰产林福建省地方标准。文章指出了该试验林的营造已取得良好效果,其系列化组装配套的造林技术措施是可行的,并且对试验林的投资和效益进行了估算。     

思茅松种源/家系造林试验初报

对思茅松12个种源、27个家系的造林试验结果表明,不同种源、家系思茅松林木的生长差异显著,由此初步评选出思茅松的2个种源及其相关的6个优良家系。所评选出的思茅松6个优良家系其幼林3.5年生时林木的生长量与最差家系相比,平均树高增加11.7%~23.3%,平均胸径增加19.9%~32.6%,平均单株材积增加50%~101.6%。     

木麻黄蚕豆套种模式对浙南泥质海岸土壤盐碱动态变化的影响

研究了浙南泥质海岸林地初期二年通过套种、覆盖等营林措施对泥质海岸土壤盐分及其pH年动态变化的影响.结果表明,①造林当年和次年0～20cm表层土土壤含盐量存在4月、7月和11月3个峰值和6月和10月2个谷值,7月为最高值,6月为最低值;二年中,0～20cm剖面土壤盐含量降低幅度达22.49％～16.09％;②造林当年＞20～50cm次层土土壤盐含量存在4月、11月2个峰值和7月、8月2个谷值;次年＞20～50cm次层土土壤含盐量月变化则除6月出现1个明显的谷值外,其余观测月份土壤盐含量动态变化呈比较平缓线性下降趋势;经历2a,＞20～50cm剖面土壤盐含量降低13.04％～15.83％;③二年的测定结果同时表明,表层土pH值在8.3～8.5,次层土pH值在8.4～8.6.     

Biomass carbon pools of Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb.) Hook. forests in subtropical China: Characteristics and potential

Abstract

Swedish forestry has successfully developed systems for sustained yield production of wood. Silvicultural techniques are today completely dominated (96%) by clear-felling methods. By contrast, Swedish natural forests and preindustrial cultural woodlands were ecologically and culturally diverse, with a substantial proportion having a continuous tree cover as a response to natural disturbance dynamics and preindustrial agricultural land management. If forest management systems do not mimic this diversity of disturbance regimes sufficiently well, the scope of sustainable forest management to include biodiversity and sociocultural values will not be met. This study estimated the past and present amount of one cultural and two natural disturbance regimes known to deliver continuous tree cover in two study areas located around two important biophysical and sociocultural transition zones in northern and southern Sweden, respectively. Several approaches were used to estimate the amount of remaining continuous tree cover forests. The results indicate that 9–10% of the study areas is made up by site types that historically would have held a large proportion of continuous tree cover forests. Estimates for productive site types show that only 1–2% of these sites remain in southern Sweden and 10–20% in northern Sweden. The data indicate that present management in both study areas is similar. Thus, these differences between the regions will disappear in a few decades. To achieve the aim of Swedish forest and environmental policies there is a clear need to develop and use alternative forest management methods on appropriate sites.     

An approach to clarifying public preferences about silvicultural systems: A case study concerning group selection and clear‐cutting

To avoid large clear‐cut areas in recreation areas, three experiments where group selection was used to transform even‐aged stands of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) into uneven‐aged stands were started. Two of these group selection stands were compared with adjacent forests managed by the clear‐cut system on the basis of the opinion of seven voluntary groups. The respondents have given their judgement of the forest sites in a semantic differential test. All parties made assessments when visiting the forest sites. In addition, two of the groups made assessments of black and white photographs representing the forest sites. The methods used were found to be both reliable and valid. A very low correlation was obtained between the assessment of whole forest areas and the mean value of the assessments of the stands within the same area. According to this study, the group selection method is preferable to clear‐cutting in even‐aged stands of Norway spruce if the attitudes of the voluntary groups are to be met.     

阿拉善干旱荒漠区石质荒山造林技术的研究

通过对阿拉善干旱荒漠区石质荒山立地条件的分析,提出了该地的造林技术措施:因地制宜采取不同的整地方式,固土护坡,拦蓄坡面径流,抗旱保墒;在林种、树种选择配置上,优先考虑林木降低风速、阻挡风沙、保持水土的防护功能,兼沙区城市园林景观功能,形成多林种、多树种、多层次组合的生态景观模式。     

造林技术措施对10年生马尾松幼林生长的影响

在处台江县革东镇设置了反映马尾松人工造林各主要技术环节的傈,在对试验林固定样地进行定期、定位测定的基础上,采用数量化理论１方法分析研究了不同造林技术措施对马尾松幼林生长的影响。结果表明,主要造林技术措施对马尾松幼林生长自大 的影响顺序为：立地选择,种要密度,幼林施工。其中立地选择、种源选择和造林密度是马尾松人工造林最关键的技术环节,幼林施肥对马尾松幼林分的生长有一定影响,整地方式则无明显影响,运用     

森林生态系统管理的研究进展

该文对森林生态系统管理这一新兴科学的起源、定义、特征、内涵做了简要介绍,同时对森林生态系统管理中的五个热点研究领域进行了综述和简评.①关于森林生态系统健康,讨论了不同角度对生态系统健康的定义和不同层次上的生态系统健康的内容及评价生态系统健康的困难所在;②关于森林生物多样性,探讨了森林结构复杂性与生物多样性的关系,老龄林结构对森林生态系统的意义和作用,以及如何通过经营调整结构促进生物多样性;③关于森林经营的景观规划,描述了进行景观规划的途径、理论和模型,并对三种概念模型进行了介绍;④关于森林经营的替代技术体系,介绍了模拟自然干扰设计替代技术体系的原理,分析了替代经营技术体系产生的原因和有关最新技术研究进展;⑤关于森林生态系统服务,讨论了生态系统服务的基本内容和评价在森林生态系统管理中的重要意义.该文指出,生态系统管理科学正处于迅速发展时期,表现出多学科、多尺度、适应性机制等超越传统学科的时代特征.     

Seed production of western larch in seed-tree systems in the southern interior of British Columbia

A series of surveys and experiments were conducted on four sites to identify constraints to seed production and natural regeneration in western larch seed-tree systems in the southwestern interior of British Columbia, Canada. These surveys included pollen monitoring, a cone analysis to evaluate seed production potential, seed trapping to estimate seed rain and the installation of field germination trials to assess the effects of germination substrate and seed losses due to bird and rodent predators. Pollen shedding was found to be adequate for moderate seed production with filled seed counts ranging from 9 to 30 per cone (10–34% of all seeds/cone). No significant differences in seed yields per cone and cone characteristics were observed between uncut control stands and seed-tree stands. Seed rain was generally good in 1995, ranging from 70,000 to 4.6 million seed/ha. For the four seed-tree stands, the average filled seed percentage of the trapped seeds ranged from 9–30%. Seed rain and seed quality were much reduced in 1996. Field germination trials showed western larch seeds germinated and survived best (15–70%) on mineral soil but rodent and/or bird predation reduced germination success significantly. Germination/germinant survival on undisturbed forest floor, covered with predator exclusion screens, was intermediate.