SWAT模拟耕作方式与盐分对区域土壤氮运移及作物产量影响

耕作方式与土壤盐渍化是影响河套灌区氮素流失及作物产量的重要因素.明确不同耕作方式与盐渍化水平下硝态氮运移量及作物产量的变化,可为制定合理的灌区耕作措施及盐渍化治理方案提供理论依据,对于揭示灌区氮素流失控制及不同作物增产潜力具有重要意义.该研究基于验证后的SWAT(Soil and Water Assessment To...     

Application of urease inhibitor improves protein composition and bread‐baking quality of urea fertilized winter wheat

Background: Nitrogen losses is an economic problem for wheat production and a high risk to the environment. Therefore, improved N fertilizer management is a key to increasing the N efficiency and minimizing N losses. To increase N efficiency, enhanced fertilizers such as urea combined with urease inhibitor can be used. Aims: The aim of present study was to evaluate the effects of different N forms on grain storage protein subunits in winter wheat and to examine whether the observed changes correlate with parameters of baking quality. Methods: The investigation was performed over two consecutive years at two locations in Germany. Protein subunits were analyzed by SDS‐PAGE. Results: Protein concentrations were similarly increased after fertilization with ammonium nitrate and urea + urease inhibitor. Analysis of the individual storage protein fractions indicated that both fertilizers specifically enhanced ω‐gliadins and HMW glutenins, but the effect was more pronounced in the ammonium nitrate treatment. Application of urea + urease inhibitor had greater influence on the protein composition and resulted in higher specific baking volume as well as the best fresh keeping ability, in comparison with urea treatment. Conclusion: Considering that the urea + urease inhibitor treatment resulted in almost comparable improvements of NUE and baking quality, with the additional benefit of reduced N losses in combination with easy handling, urea + urease inhibitor can be recommended as a viable alternative to both urea alone and ammonium nitrate treatments. This opens up an opportunity for the reduction of N loss in wheat production when use of urea is preferred.     

盐碱地玉米产量及土壤硝态氮对深松耕作和秸秆还田的响应

【目的】盐碱地是我国重要的土地资源,研究合理可行的耕作技术和培肥措施,为提高产量和实现盐碱地农业可持续发展提供理论依据。【方法】2014-2017年,在山东省滨州市无棣县的盐碱土上,以玉米为供试作物,连续进行了4年田间试验。试验采用裂区设计,以耕作方式为主区,分别设夏季旋耕15 cm (R)和旋耕后再深松35 cm处理(S);副区为冬季秸秆还田量,设秸秆半量还田(3350 kg/hm^2,B)和秸秆全量还田(6700kg/hm^2,Q)两个用量,以无秸秆还田为对照。所有处理的养分总量保持一致。开花后每隔10天取样1次,直到收获期,测定植株干物质和穗位叶硝酸还原酶活性。在玉米小口期、开花期及收获期,取0-100 cm土层样品,每10 cm为一层,测定了土壤硝态氮含量及累积量。【结果】各生育期玉米干物质积累量和产量在两个耕作方式间的差异不显著,与秸秆半量还田相比,秸秆全量还田处理开花期前干物质量较少,但在开花期时,已经开始赶超秸秆半量还田的处理。在收获期,秸秆全量还田处理的干物质量显著高于秸秆半量还田处理的干物质量,4年中的提高幅度为8.6%~9.7%,秸秆全量还田处理的籽粒产量显著优于秸秆半量还田处理(P <0.05)。4年干物质积累量,SQ处理平均比SB、RQ和RB分别提高2.5%~7.3%、1.6%~4.2%和7.6%~20.3%。深松与秸秆全量还田有明显的正耦合作用,秸秆全量还田与深松耕作相结合有利于籽粒产量的提高,与其他处理差异显著(P <0.05)。相同耕作方式下,4年中秸秆全量还田处理的平均硝态氮含量在小口期低于秸秆半量还田,在开花期显著高于秸秆半量还田,但在收获期又显著低于秸秆半量还田的处理,硝态氮累积量平均降低17.9%(P <0.05)。在4年中深松耕作处理的0-100 cm平均硝态氮累积量比旋耕处理的显著降低8.9%。【结论】在供试盐碱地土壤条件下,秸秆全量还田结合浅旋耕后再深松的效果最好,可提高玉米产量,减少土壤中硝态氮的累积。     

沼肥对大豆产量、品质、养分和土壤化学性质的影响

为探讨沼肥在大豆上的合理施用技术,采用田间试验,研究沼肥对大豆产量、品质、养分吸收利用及土壤化学性质的影响。结果表明：与习惯施肥处理相比,100%沼渣、30%沼渣＋化肥、20%沼渣＋化肥处理的大豆产量分别增加1.02%,10.48%,0.16%;大豆粗脂肪含量分别增加2.31%,2.70%,5.07%;磷肥利用率分别增加5.04%,23.39%,8.60%;土壤有机质含量分别升高13.39%,3.68%,0.50%;20-80 cm土层内土壤硝态氮、铵态氮含量降低幅度分别在13.70%～61.56%,15.98%～70.10%之间。说明试验条件下,无论沼渣单施还是沼渣与化肥配施均可提高大豆粗脂肪含量、磷肥利用率、土壤有机质含量,降低氮素的流失。     

反硝化技术对模拟养殖池塘修复的研究

浙江奉化市池塘的底泥经过反复培养、驯化,从中筛选、分离出反硝化细菌,在模拟实验条件下,研究其对不同浓度的硝酸盐氮和亚硝酸盐氮的去除情况,讨论反硝化菌种的生长情况。结果表明,在初始浓度为1、25、50mg·L^-1的硝酸盐氮和亚硝酸盐氮模拟池塘中,随着实验的进行,对污染物的去除效果逐渐提高。其中在1mg·L^-1的浓度组中,3d内硝酸盐氮和亚硝酸盐氮去除率就分别达到了95．8％和90．2％;在25mg·L^-1的浓度组中,第6d硝酸盐氮和亚硝酸盐的去除率分别为93．8％和87．8％;在50mg·L^-1的浓度组中,第6d硝酸盐氮和亚硝酸盐的去除率分别为89．7％和78．7％。此外,反硝化菌对硝酸盐氮的去除效果略优于亚硝酸盐氮,而且硝酸盐氮和亚硝酸盐氮的浓度越低,对其去除效果越好,达到稳定状态的时间越短。在模拟池塘中,菌种的生长情况与硝酸盐氮和亚硝酸盐氮的浓度呈负相关,即污染物的浓度越高反硝化菌的生长情况越差。对反硝化菌的生态影响因子研究表明,其反硝化最适宜的pH值为6～7,温度为25～35℃;而且在同一pH值和温度条件下,硝酸盐氮和亚硝酸盐氮浓度越低,反硝化菌对其去除效果越好。     

造纸废水灌溉对芦苇不同生育期土壤中硝态氮含量的影响

在沈阳农业大学综合试验场内构建小试装置模拟盘锦双台河口天然湿地,用50,175,300mg/L浓度的造纸废水进行灌溉,研究造纸废水灌溉对土壤硝态氮含量的影响,为盐碱化湿地修复提供可参考的废水灌溉方式。结果表明,在3种浓度造纸废水灌溉下,0-40cm土壤剖面硝态氮含量随深度增加呈"S"形变化趋势,造纸废水与清水相比能增加土壤硝态氮含量。经双因素方差分析和多重比较,在发芽期灌溉浓度为50mg/L废水时土壤硝态氮与初始值相比增加最大。在发芽期灌溉废水大大增加了收获芦苇后土壤中的硝态氮含量,宜使用50mg/L浓度废水灌溉。     

生物质炭和氮肥配施对菠菜产量和硝酸盐含量的影响

施用生物质炭是提高作物产量和氮肥利用效率的潜在有效措施。以菠菜为供试作物开展盆栽试验,研究了生物质炭与氮肥配施对菠菜产量、组织中硝酸盐含量及养分（氮磷钾）含量的影响。生物质炭设3个水平：C0（0g·kg-1）、C5（5g·kg-1）和C10（10g·kg-1）,氮素3个水平分别为N0（0mg·kg-1）、N1（90mg·kg-1）和N2（120mg·kg-1）。试验结果表明,在N0和N1水平下,施用生物质炭显著提高了菠菜产量,增幅为16.6%～57.3%,而在N2水平下,生物质炭对菠菜产量无显著影响（P〉0.05）。同时,在N1水平下,与C0处理相比,C5和C10处理菠菜组织中硝酸盐含量分别增加了198.7%和233.4%;而在N2水平下,C5和C10处理的硝酸盐增幅分别为8.8%和46.3%。在不同氮素水平下,生物质炭的施用增加了菠菜对氮和钾的吸收,而对磷素吸收的影响不明显。总之,生物质炭与氮肥配施可以提高菠菜产量,明显增加氮肥当季利用效率。     

菠菜硝态氮累积和还原与植株生长的关系

通过盆栽试验,以两个硝态氮含量差异显著的菠菜品种为供试材料,在不同生长时期,测定了叶柄、叶片干重、水分含量、硝态氮含量及叶片内源和外源硝酸还原酶活性,研究菠菜硝态氮累积和硝酸还原酶活性的动态变化及其与植株生长变化的关系。结果表明,随生长期后移,叶柄、叶片及地上部干重和水分含量先增加而后降低,硝态氮含量则持续降低,低硝态氮累积品种S9的下降更为明显,出苗后52d和62d地上部分别降低了100%和89.7%;叶片内源和外源酶活性则随植株生长量增加而增加,高硝态氮累积品种S4增加（379%和199%）更明显,之后该品种酶活性随植株生长量降低而显著下降,品种S9却显著增加,分别为121%和288%。生长前期,品种S4硝态氮含量、干重增长速率及内源、外源酶活性均显著高于品种S9,内源/外源酶活性比值却明显低于后者;生长后期,除外源酶活性和内源/外源酶活性比值外,品种间差异均不明显。因此,生长前期高累积品种硝态氮含量降低较少,主要原因可能是其内源/外源酶活性比值（70.7%）较低,生长后期该品种的内源/外源酶活性比值（98.2%）显著增加后,硝态氮含量迅速下降进一步证明了这一推测。综合上述结果可知,内源/外源酶活性比值更能揭示植株生长变化引起的品种间硝态氮含量变化差异。     

REDUCING NITRATE CONTENT IN LETTUCE BY PRE-HARVEST CONTINUOUS LIGHT DELIVERED BY RED AND BLUE LIGHT-EMITTING DIODES

Effect of pre-harvest continuous light with different red/blue ratio on photon flux density (R/B ratio) on reducing nitrate accumulation was studied by growing lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) under continuous illumination delivered by light-emitting diodes (LEDs). Results show that nitrate concentration decreased by 1648.0–2061.1 mg kg^?1 in leaf blade and 962.9–2090.3 mg kg^?1 in petiole, accompanied by a dramatic increase in soluble sugar content. Compared with monochromatic red light treatment, the decrease in nitrate concentration and increase in soluble sugar content in lettuce under mixed red and blue light were more pronounced. The lowest nitrate concentration was observed in the treatment with R/B ratio of 4. It's concluded that pre-harvest exposure to 48?h continuous LED light could effectively reduce nitrate accumulation in lettuce and this process is strongly affected by R/B ratio of light. This study may provide new perspective for pre-harvest quality management of vegetable, especially in commercial leaf vegetable production under artificial lighting.     

Effect of salinity on nitrogen metabolism in wheat

Objectives of our studies were to quantify effects of salinity on growth and nitrogen metabolism of wheat and to measure variation in response of different cultivars, hybrids, and classes. Methods and criteria for identifying resistance to salinity in wheat, particularly effects on nitrogen metabolism also were tested. Variation in response to salinity was measured by subjecting seedlings of six wheats to one control treatment (‐0.1 bars) and two stress treatments (‐3.5 and ‐10.4 bars) from NaCl, MgSO₄, and MgCl₂ in hydroponic solutions. Both stress treatments retarded growth; wheats significantly varied at ‐3.5 bars but not at ‐10.4 bars. Stress decreased root and shoot nitrate N and total N contents. Studies with one wheat cultivar showed that salinity decreased activity of nitrate reductase enzyme and stimulated accumulation of proline. Salinity more adversely affected vegetative stages than reproductive stages of plants grown to maturity. We concluded that salinity affected wheat by both osmotic effects and antagonism of nitrate metabolism from chloride. Absolute growth and relative growth at different stress levels were superior to differences in nitrogen metabolism as selection criteria for salinity tolerance.