Epidemiological investigations of trichostrongylid infections in young cattle in different parts of Norway

The occurrence of trichostrongylid nematodes in young cattle was studied in relation to climate and geographical location, by examination of herbage and faecal samples from 8 farms in 7 different regions in Norway, during 3 consecutive summers. Species of Ostertagia and Cooperia were dominant. Infective larvae, especially those of Ostertagia, were able to survive the winter in the pasture to a great extent in all the areas studied. The spring larval counts varied considerably from place to place, and from year to year, but were often at fairly high levels. This confirms previous findings that the larvae which overwinter on the pasture may be a major cause of losses. Overt clinical disease, however, was only seen at 1 farm during this investigation.The large number of larvae often seen in the autumn seems to be of less significance as a cause of disease, due to the late appearance, but is of major importance as a source of the larvae which survive the winter in the pasture and infect young cattle the following spring.There was no obvious correlation between pasture larval counts and the climate, except that there seemed to be higher counts in the warmer parts of the country, where the grazing season is also longer. The only place were both faecal egg counts and larval counts in the herbage were consistently low, was in the very far north.     

SILVER IMPREGNATION IN SITU

In evaluating radiographs of the limb joints and head, students encounter difficulty where superimposition occurs. By replacing calcium with silver salts in the bone, enhanced radiopacity can be produced. In this study, silver impregnation was used to increase the radiopacity of individual carpal and tarsal bones, selected bones of the skull and the sinuses, and guttural pouch of the horse. This provides an interpretation aid for teaching radiographic anatomy of these regions.     

CdS纳米颗粒的合成、表面修饰及光学特性研究

用一步室温固相化学反应法合成CdS纳米颗粒，并以氨催化水解法对其表面进行了修饰，得到了具有CdS／SiO2核／壳结构的纳米微球，以透射电子显微镜和X-射线衍射仪对其结构和物相进行了表征，并研究了其光致发射光谱的性质，研究结果表明：固相反应完全，产物为纯相CdS，室温固相化学反应法避免了传统湿法存在的团聚现象的缺点，具有产率高、无污染、节能等优点；而且CdS纳米颗粒表面经SiO2修饰后，其带边发射显增强，缺陷发射减弱，且在一定范围内随着SiO2包覆层厚度的增加，荧光强度增加。     

银染mRNA差异显示方法在致突变实验中的初步应用

为建立在药物致突变研究中应用银染 m RNA差异显示的方法 ,试验提取未经过 /经过环磷酰胺处理的 Balb/c小鼠肝组织的总 RNA ,并以此为模板 ,采用 d T1 2 CG、d T1 2 AG、d T1 2 GG为锚定引物 ,通过反转录、差异显示 PCR反应 ,以 6 %变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳分离差异条带 ,回收后将其再扩增。结果表明 ,RNA投入量为 3μg、镁离子浓度为 1.5～ 2 .0 mm ol/L、退火温度为 4 0℃时 ,扩增的片段条带清晰、背景低 ,差异条带明显 ,再扩增条带单一。银染 m RNA差异显示技术可成功应用于药物致突变的研究。     

基于纳米材料的免疫层析试纸在兽药残留检测中的应用

兽药残留是食品安全的重要影响因素,开发兽药残留检测方法是保证食品安全的重要手段。免疫层析试纸是一种操作简单、生产成本低且具有良好灵敏度的检测方法,适用于现场检测、大规模食品筛选,在兽药残留检测中具有巨大的应用价值。纳米材料可提供特殊的检测信号,是影响免疫层析试纸检测灵敏度和定量分析的关键因素。文章主要对胶体金、磁性纳米材料、量子点以及时间分辨荧光微球这几种纳米标记材料进行介绍,指出各自的优缺点及应用情况,并对该技术在兽药残留检测中的应用趋势进行展望。     

Essential oil of Aloysia citriodora Paláu and citral: sedative and anesthetic efficacy and safety in Rhamdia quelen and Ctenopharyngodon idella

ObjectiveTo verify the efficacy of citral in inducing sedation and anesthesia in silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) and grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) and to assess the safety of essential oil (EO) of Aloysia citriodora and citral in inducing and maintaining anesthesia in silver catfish.Study designClinical study, randomized, parallel, multi-arm with control group in target species.AnimalsA total of 96 juvenile and 72 adult silver catfish and 80 juvenile grass carp were used.MethodsSilver catfish and grass carp were exposed to different concentrations of citral, 15–675 and 15–600 μL L^–1, respectively, during the maximum period of 30 minutes to verify sedation and anesthesia induction and recovery times. In addition, for anesthetic induction, silver catfish were exposed to the EO of A. citriodora and citral at 225 μL L^–1 for 3.5 minutes. Then, fish were transferred to an anesthesia maintenance solution at 50 μL L^–1 for 10 minutes to assess hematologic and biochemical variables at 60 minutes, 2 and 6 days after treatment.ResultsCitral only induced sedation from 15, 25 and 40 μLL^–1 in both species. Anesthesia without mortality was induced in silver catfish at 50–600 μL L^–1 and grass carp at 75–450 μL L^–1. At 675 and 600 μL L^–1, mortality was recorded in silver catfish and grass carp, respectively. The EO of A. citriodora and citral were safe in inducing and maintaining anesthesia in silver catfish, with mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration being the only variable that varied in relation to time and treatments.Conclusions and clinical relevanceCitral was effective in inducing sedation and anesthesia in both species. In addition, A. citriodora EO and citral were safe in inducing and maintaining anesthesia in silver catfish. Both agents are promising substances for the development of new drugs for fish.     

纳米银体外抗猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒的作用研究

【目的】 研究纳米银（silver nanoparticles,AgNPs）体外抗猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒（Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus,PRRSV）的作用,并初步分析其抗病毒作用机制,为PRRSV的防控提供新思路。【方法】 使用0.1875、0.375、0.75、1.5、3、6、12 μg/mL AgNPs处理Marc145细胞,采用CCK-8试剂盒评估AgNPs对Marc145细胞毒性,确定其安全浓度。通过显微观察、间接免疫荧光试验、病毒滴度测定、实时荧光定量RT-PCR方法评估AgNPs体外抗PRRSV感染Marc145细胞的效果。通过间接免疫荧光试验和实时荧光定量RT-PCR方法评估AgNPs对PRRSV的直接灭活效果。通过实时荧光定量RT-PCR方法分析AgNPs对不同感染复数（multiplicity of infection,MOI） PRRSV （0.0001~0.1）黏附和入侵Marc145细胞的影响,以及PRRSV感染Marc145细胞3、6、12、18和24 h后加入AgNPs对Marc145细胞增殖的影响。【结果】 AgNPs对Marc145细胞的最大安全浓度为1.5 μg/mL,0.375、0.75、1.5 μg/mL AgNPs均具有良好的体外抗PRRSV活性,0.375、0.75、1.5 μg/mL AgNPs均对PRRSV起一定灭活作用。AgNPs对不同MOI的毒株黏附和入侵Marc145细胞均有一定抑制作用,且不同时间（3、6、12、18、24 h）加入AgNPs对PRRSV增殖均有一定抑制作用。【结论】 AgNPs具有良好的体外抗PRRSV活性,体外抗PRRSV的作用机制包括直接灭活以及抑制病毒的黏附、入侵和增殖过程。     

酵母菌载纳米铁去除水中2, 4, 6–三氯酚的性能

以酵母菌为载体,废弃烟叶提取物为还原剂,制备酵母菌载纳米铁(TB–Fe/SC NPs),并探究其去除水中2, 4, 6–三氯酚(2, 4, 6–TCP)的性能。结果表明：负载在酵母菌上的纳米铁为粒径(77.6±16.1) nm的球形颗粒;TB–Fe/SC NPs去除2, 4, 6–TCP主要包括吸附和氧化降解2种途径,符合拟二级反应动力学模型;溶解氧和羟自由基在TB–Fe/SC NPs氧化降解2, 4, 6–TCP中起重要作用;TB–Fe/SC NPs对2, 4, 6–TCP的去除率随温度的升高而增大,随2, 4, 6–TCP初始浓度的增大而减少,而反应体系的pH值对TB–Fe/SC NPs去除2, 4, 6–TCP的影响较小;TB–Fe/SC NPs用量为1.0~3.0 g/L时,2, 4, 6–TCP的去除率随TB–Fe/SC NPs用量的增大而增大;Fe3+、Mg2+、Ca2+和SO42–能促进TB–Fe/SC NPs去除2, 4, 6–TCP的反应,HPO42–、HCO3–和腐殖酸则对反应有抑制作用,而K+、NO3–和Cl–对2, 4, 6–TCP的去除影响不明显;TB–Fe/SC NPs能在室温下稳定储存6个月以上,重复使用6次后,2, 4, 6–TCP的去除率由80.54%下降到28.75%;在25 ℃和pH=5.0的条件下,3 g/L TB–Fe/SC NPs对20 mg/L 2, 4, 6–TCP的去除率和去除量分别为(80.54±0.39)%、(5.23±0.03) mg/g。     

Nonphytotoxic copper oxide nanoparticles are powerful “nanoweapons” that trigger resistance in tobacco against the soil-borne fungal pathogen Phytophthora nicotianae

Investigations into the potential application of nanoparticles acting as nanofungicides in sustainable agriculture are rapidly expanding due to the high antimicrobial properties of these compounds, which do not risk inducing pathogen resistance to fungicides.  A detailed understanding of the impact of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) on soil-borne phytopathogenic fungi is yet to be obtained.  This study aimed to explore the in vitro antifungal activity and control efficacy of CuO NPs applied via irrigation with respect to tobacco black shank (TBS) disease caused by Phytophthora nicotianae.  The results revealed that CuO NPs greatly interfered with the reproductive growth process of this fungus, repressing hyphal growth, spore germination and sporangium production.  Additionally, morphological damage, intracellular ROS accumulation and increased SOD enzyme activity in hyphae were the antifungicidal mechanisms of these NPs.  In pot experiments, treatment with CuO NPs at 100 mg L^–1 significantly suppressed TBS development, compared with the effect on control plants, and the control efficacy reached 33.69% without inducing phytotoxicity.  Exposure to CuO NPs significantly activated a series of defense enzymes, and resistance genes in tobacco can further explain the mechanisms by which CuO NPs suppressed fungal infection.  The Cu content in both the leaves and roots of P. nicotianae-infested plants increased by 50.03 and 27.25%, respectively, after treatment with 100 mg L^–1 CuO NPs, compared with that of healthy plants.  In particular, a higher Cu content was observed in infected roots than in leaves.  Therefore, this study showed the potential of CuO NPs applied as nanofungicides and as nanoinducers of fungus resistance genes for the management of TBS through inhibition of pathogen infection and stimulation of plant defenses.     

植物介导金属纳米颗粒合成的研究进展

随着纳米科技的快速发展,人工合成的金属纳米颗粒已在农业生产、生物医药、个人消费品等领域广泛应用。同时,越来越多研究表明植物也能介导金属纳米颗粒的合成。这些研究为制备金属纳米颗粒提供了新思路,但是,多数研究只局限于植物合成方法的表观描述,缺乏对过程及机理的深入研究。这不仅阻碍了金属纳米颗粒与植物相互作用的理论认知,还限制了植物合成方法的大规模应用。本文总结了近年来植物体内金属纳米颗粒的鉴别与表征方法及植物合成纳米材料的应用,重点对植物合成纳米颗粒的过程进行了梳理,发现有机酸、还原性糖类、蛋白质等生物成分都会参与纳米颗粒的生成过程。今后需研发更多的表征手段,以原位技术全面揭示植物合成金属纳米颗粒的机制。