Gas composition of baled grass silage as influenced by the amount,stretch, colour and type of plastic stretch‐film used to wrap the bales,and by the frequency of bale handling

The effectiveness of the polyethylene stretch‐film barrier to air infiltration is the major factor affecting the preservation of silage in bales. Three separate experiments investigated the effects of the number of layers of stretch‐film cover, film colour, stretch extent, film type and frequency of bale handling on gas composition, surface mould growth and conservation characteristics of baled grass silages. Monitoring gas composition in bales during ensiling proved useful for assessing the success with which wrapped bales were stored anaerobically. Under good storage conditions the early stages of ensiling were characterized by the rapid reduction of O₂ concentration in the bale and the creation of a CO₂‐rich environment. However, wrapping bales in only two layers of stretch‐film failed to create the anaerobic conditions required for a successful fermentation and the inhibition of visible fungal growth. In contrast, a minimum of four layers of stretch‐film were required to achieve suitably anaerobic conditions, but the additional benefits of applying more layers were relatively small. Under temperate climatic conditions with moderate solar radiation, film colour had little effect on the gas composition in baled silage. Likewise, the extent of stretching applied to the film at wrapping and film type had no influence on gas composition, baled silage quality or mould development. However, frequent mechanical handling of bales after wrapping had a negative effect on gas composition and surface mould growth, and thus should be kept to a minimum.     

1种食用菌细菌隐性污染栽培种的菌种分离研究

研究1种以木屑为主要配方的食用菌细菌隐性污染栽培种的菌种分离。稀释涂布平板法分析细菌总数。栽培种捣碎后悬于无菌水,分别以短时(5 min)涡漩振荡、摇床振荡(180 r/min)、低温静置(4℃) 3种方式处理;灭菌纱布过滤收集、无菌水淋洗木屑接种至PDA斜面,培养使其生长。以未经处理木屑为接种物作为对照。结果显示栽培种细菌数为15500 cfu/g;对照（30支）以及采用短时涡漩振荡处理所接30支斜面全部细菌污染;摇床振荡1、2、3、4天纯化率分别为20%、30%、46.67%及63.3%;低温静置1、2、3、4天纯化率分别为3.3%、10%、46.67%和60%。以木屑为主要配方的细菌隐性污染栽培种悬于无菌水经1~4天振荡或浸湿再分离的基内菌丝分离法可有效分离纯化菌种。     

青贮玉米不同器官与产量和品质的相关性研究

为了在培育高产优质青贮玉米新品种过程中,提高选择效率,筛选源库比例适宜,营养品质较好的品系,从整株角度对青贮玉米不同器官与产量和品质的相关关系研究,在田间条件下以31份青贮玉米优良品种/系为试验材料,研究青贮玉米各器官与产量和品质关系。结果表明：选取的不同品种/系青贮玉米的干物质质量、含水量、产量和品质均有较大差异,通过相关分析表明,茎秆、叶片(r2产量=0.528**)和苞叶占总干物质比例与单株含水量和产量呈正相关,籽粒和穗轴占总干物质比例与单株含水量和产量呈负相关;茎秆(r2=0.396*)、苞叶和穗轴占总干物质质量比例与整株中性洗涤纤维含量呈正相关,叶片和籽粒(r2=0.381*)占总干物质质量比例与其呈负相关;茎秆和苞叶占总干物质质量比例与整株酸性洗涤纤维含量呈正相关,叶片、籽粒和穗轴与其呈负相关。茎秆、叶片和苞叶占总干物质质量比例与粗蛋白含量呈正相关,籽粒和穗轴(r2=0.660**)占总干物质质量比例与其呈负相关;茎秆(r2=0.407*)、叶片和苞叶占总干物质质量比例与整株淀粉含量呈负相关,籽粒(r2=0.359*)和穗轴占总干物质质量比例与其呈正相关。     

青贮玉米盘江7号高产栽培技术

通过对青贮玉米盘江7号的产量表现、品种特征及栽培技术要点介绍,以指导盘江7号大田生产.     

挥发性物质对植物致病菌的熏蒸作用研究进展

挥发性物质分子量小,化合物种类复杂,具有的熏蒸抑菌作用是其特殊的生物学功能之一,受到世界各国学者的关注。本文对挥发性物质的种类、抑菌活性及检测鉴定方法进行了概述,着重评述了植物（精油）和微生物产生的挥发性物质的抑菌作用及其研究进展,从挥发性物质中筛选出具有抑菌作用的单体化合物是新的研究方向。     

低温秸秆降解菌的研究进展

秸秆原位还田是提高秸秆的综合利用率、培肥改土、提高土壤肥力的有效方法之一,已经成为持续农业和生态农业的重要内容,具有十分重要的作用。但是秸秆进入土壤之后,腐解缓慢,很难得到广泛的推广,因此通过开发秸秆降解菌加快秸秆纤维素的降解速度提高秸秆腐解效率成为秸秆还田技术的关键。本文对低温微生物、低温秸秆降解菌、以及施加菌剂对土壤养分、土壤酶活及微生物多样性的影响的研究现状进行了概述。     

Abundance and Community Composition of Ammonia-Oxidizers in Paddy Soil at Different Nitrogen Fertilizer Rates

Ammonia oxidation, the first and rate-limiting step of nitrification, is carried out by both ammonia-oxidizing bacteria （AOB） and ammonia-oxidizing archaea （AOA）. However, the relative importance of AOB and AOA to nitrification in terrestrial ecosystems is not well understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the nitrogen input amount on abundance and community composition of AOB and AOA in red paddy soil. Soil samples of 10-20 cm （root layer soil） and 0-5 cm （surface soil） depths were taken from a red paddy. Rice in the paddy was fertilized with different rates of N as urea of N1 （75 kg N ha＂ yr-1）, N2 （150 kg N ha~ yrl）, N3 （225 kg N ha1 yrl） and CK （without fertilizers） in 2009, 2010 and 2011. Abundance and community composition of ammonia oxidizers was analyzed by real-time PCR and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） based on amoA （the unit A of ammonia monooxygenase） gene. Archaeal amoA copies in N3 and N2 were significantly （P〈0.05） higher than those in CK and N1 in root layer soil or in surface soil under tillering and heading stages of rice, while the enhancement in bacterial amoA gene copies with increasing of N fertilizer rates only took on in root layer soil. N availability and soil NO3--N content increased but soil NH4＋-N content didn＇t change with increasing of N fertilizer rates. Otherwise, the copy numbers of archaeal amoA gene were higher （P〈0.05） than those of bacterial amoA gene in root lary soil or in surface soil. Redundancy discriminate analysis based on DGGE bands showed that there were no obvious differs in composition of AOA or AOB communities in the field among different N fertilizer rates. Results of this study suggested that the abundance of ammonia-oxidizers had active response to N fertilizer rates and the response of AOA was more obvious than that of AOB. Similarity in the community composition of AOA or AOB among different N fertilizer rates indicate that the community composition of ammonia-oxidizers was relatively stable in the paddy soil at least in short term for three years.     

野生与养殖银鲳消化道菌群结构中产酶菌的对比分析

实验对野生和养殖银鲳胃、幽门盲囊、前肠、中肠、后肠菌群结构进行了定性对比分析,并对产蛋白酶、淀粉酶、脂肪酶、纤维素酶的菌株进行了鉴定。结果发现,野生和养殖种群的消化道菌群结构存在较大差异,且同一种群消化道各部分之间菌群结构也存在较大差异。尽管养殖和野生银鲳均在幽门盲囊中具有最多的可培养细菌菌株,但野生银鲳消化道内主要菌群为嗜冷菌属(Psychrobacter)和Pseudochrobactrum,养殖银鲳消化道主要菌群为不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter)和假单孢菌属(Pseudomonas),两种群共有细菌仅一株,即Psychrobacter piscatorii strain VSD503,但其分别存在于野生与养殖种群银鲳消化道的不同部位。在产酶菌株筛选中发现,野生银鲳消化道内分离到16株产酶菌,其中44%可培养菌能产蛋白酶,56%能产淀粉酶,11%能产脂肪酶,56%能产纤维素酶,部分菌株可产2株以上的消化酶,其中产3种以上酶的菌株有5株,且产酶量丰富。相对于野生银鲳,养殖银鲳消化道内分离到22株产酶菌,主要以产蛋白酶和淀粉酶为主,70%可培养菌可产蛋白酶,21%可产淀粉酶,仅Bacillus thuringiensis strain VITGS可产纤维素酶,无一株菌产脂肪酶,其中只有Bacillus thuringiensis strain VITGS产3种酶但产酶量相对较少。研究可为银鲳人工养殖中潜在益生菌的筛选提供理论依据。     

ACC deaminase-producing bacteria mediated drought and salt tolerance in Capsicum annuum

Influence of drought and salt stress on different morphological and physiological growth parameters in Capsicum annuum inoculated with our isolates was estimated during the present study. Bulkhorderia cepacia was reported to possess the maximal, whereas Citrobacter feurendii the least plant growth promoting efficacy under salt and drought stress. ACC Deaminase activity of purified B. cepacia, C. feurendii and Serratia marcescens was 12.8 ± 0.44, 12.3 ± 0.56 and 11.7 ± 0.53 μM αKB mg^?1 min^?1 respectively. Under drought stress, B. cepacia showed maximum tolerance as it produced 4.893 ± 0.06 mg/mg protein of exopolysaccharide followed by C. feurendii and S. marcescens that produced 4.23 ± 0.03 and 3.46 ± 0.05 mg/mg protein, respectively. Chlorophyll “a” concentration was recorded 5.7 gm L^?1 in B. cepacia inoculated plant (without stress) and was sustained till 2.9 gm L^?1 even under the highest tested drought period. Chlorophyll “a” concentration in the B. cepacia inoculated plant under the highest tested NaCl concentration was 3.2 gm L^?1. Thus, bacterial inoculation mitigates the effects of salinity by the proliferation of root system, increasing plant biomass proving to be potential bioinoculum for alleviating abiotic stress.