定西县“秸秆畜牧业”开发之我见

定西县是全国出名的干旱贫困县，至今人均占有粮食３０２．８ｋｇ，依赖饲料粮的增加来发展畜牧业是不现实的。唯一出路是靠农作物秸秆资源，采用科技手段提高其营养价值，即开发“秸秆畜牧业”，实现全县脱贫致富。文章重点就小麦秸氨化处理及玉米秸青贮调制可经济效益之对比，探讨全县开发“秸秆畜牧业”并非空中楼阁，一纸空变。     

Undesired Self-Pollination of the Parent Plant Decreases Dry Matter Yield of Silage Maize

A proportion of the maize seed sold in the Netherlands is genetically impure. The most common form of genetic impurity in hybrid seed production is the accidental self-pollination of the female parent. Varying quantities of selfed seeds were added to certified seedlots of three-way cross hybrids. These mixtures were tested in nine field experiments, in 1985 and 1986.
Whole plant dry matter yield decreased by 40 to 45 kg/ha per percent of selfed seed added. The effect of selfed seed on dry matter yield did not differ significantly in the hybrids studied.     

水稻秸青贮对反刍动物甲烷排放的影响

采用2个3×3拉丁方试验设计,利用SF6示踪技术分别测定了青年母牛不同饲养水平(维持和生长)下饲喂青贮稻秸、氨化稻秸以及干稻秸的甲烷排放量,从而评价了水稻秸青贮在减少甲烷排放量上的作用。结果表明:维持水平下,饲喂青贮稻秸和氨化稻秸可有效地降低试验牛每天的甲烷排放以及每千克干物质采食量的甲烷排放,并且与干稻秸组之间差异显著(P<0.05)。甲烷排放量由大到小为干稻秸、氨化稻秸、青贮稻秸。生长水平下,粗饲料的瘤胃降解率越高,日粮中添加精料越有助于纤维的发酵,表现为单位(每天或者每采食1 kg干物质)甲烷气体排放青贮稻秸组均高于干稻秸组。     

两种生物添加剂在全株玉米青贮中的应用效果

采用随机试验设计,以乳熟期(干物质含量30%～38%)的大田玉米为材料,研究分别添加乳酸菌菌剂(MAX组)和乳酸菌菌剂及矿物盐(MIX组)的混合制剂,对全株玉米青贮效果的影响.结果表明:经过添加剂处理,减少了青贮的发酵升温时间,降低了青贮的能量损失;MAX、MIX组均能促使乳酸菌的快速增殖,迅速降低pH,抑制其他有害微生物的繁殖,加快厌氧发酵速度;2添加剂组pH均在4.2以下,且均不含丁酸,达到了优质青贮饲料的标准;添加乳酸菌菌剂及其与矿物盐的混合制剂均能够明显改变青贮发酵过程中微生态系统,从而有效地提高青贮饲料品质.     

青贮玉米品种引种鉴定试验

对13个青贮玉米品种进行品种筛选试验,通过对鲜重、干物质重、营养产量、抗逆性和熟期等性状的综合评价,初步得出高油106综合性状较好,适合第二积温带青贮种植;龙育1671、科青1号和科青4号可以用在第一积温带试种。科多10号和科青3号虽然鲜重、干物质重、营养产量较高,但熟期较晚且倒伏严重,不利于机械收获,在佳木斯地区不宜种植。     

多功能净化柱和固相萃取双重净化-液相色谱质谱法检测青贮饲料中莠去津及其代谢物的残留

采用多功能净化柱和MCX柱双重为样品的前处理方法,建立了青贮玉米中莠去津及其6种主要代谢产物的高效液相色谱质谱联用分析方法。试样经乙腈水提取,C18色谱柱梯度分离,并以基质匹配曲线外标法定量。结果表明:莠去津及其代谢物在2～100μg/kg范围内线性良好,标准曲线相关系数r均大于0.99。在2～50μg/kg浓度范围内,平均添加回收率在71.01%～113.34%,相对标准偏差为2.58%～15.46%,各目标物检出限(LOD)为1μg/kg,定量检出想(LOQ)为2μg/kg。本方法重现性好,准确度高,能够满足青贮玉米中残留检测的需要。     

添加番茄渣单贮和混贮对奶牛生产性能和经济效益的影响研究

研究番茄渣单贮或混贮替代部分全株玉米青贮对奶牛生产性能和经济效益的影响,为今后在奶牛科学养殖中开发和利用非常规饲料资源提供理论依据和技术支持。试验选择体重、泌乳期、胎次和产奶量相近且健康无疾病的30头泌乳前中期荷斯坦奶牛于内蒙古巴彦淖尔市临河区双河镇嘉益奶牛养殖合作社进行为期50 d的饲养试验。结果表明,番茄渣经过单贮或混贮(分别与梨渣、玉米秸秆、小麦秸秆混贮)后用于奶牛日粮中替代部分全株玉米青贮,可有效的降低玉米青贮的使用,降低生产成本,显著提高乳蛋白率(P<0.05)、乳脂率(P<0.05)和奶牛产奶量(P<0.05),提高养殖效益。番茄渣单贮或混贮可提高奶牛生产性能和经济效益,并可作为一种非常规饲料资源在奶牛业中进行推广应用。     

添加绿汁发酵液和四蚁酸铵对饲用甜高粱青贮品质的影响

 为探讨绿汁发酵液、四蚁酸铵及绿汁发酵液+四蚁酸铵对“大力士”饲用甜高粱青贮品质的影响,以“大力士”饲用甜高粱全株为青贮原料,设对照、绿汁发酵液、四蚁酸铵和绿汁发酵液+四蚁酸铵4个处理,常温下贮存60 d后取样,测定其发酵品质与化学成分。结果显示：添加绿汁发酵液、四蚁酸铵及绿汁发酵液+四蚁酸铵,均可显著降低“大力士”饲用甜高粱青贮饲料的pH和气体损失率（P＜0.05）,提高干物质回收率、粗蛋白和水溶性碳水化合物含量（P＜0.05）。表明添加绿汁发酵液、四蚁酸铵及绿汁发酵液+四蚁酸铵均可显著改善“大力士”饲用甜高粱的青贮品质。     

Fermentation quality and chemical composition of shrub silage treated with lactic acid bacteria inoculants and cellulase additives

Effects of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) inoculants and cellulase additives on fermentation quality and chemical compositions of shrub silages were studied by using a small‐scale fermentation system. Two LAB inoculants of Qingbao (Lactobacillus plantarum, Pediococcus acidilacticii, Lactobacillus casei and Clostridium phage) and Caihe (Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus brevis and Pediococcus acidilactici) and a commercial cellulase made from Trichoderma reesei were used as additives for intermediate pea‐shrub, rush bushclover, arborescent ceratoides and shrubby silage preparation. The crude protein, neutral detergent fiber and water‐soluble carbohydrate contents of the four shrub materials were 10.1–14.2, 62.6–67.2 and 1.9–3.5% on a dry matter basis, respectively. All shrub silages had pH 3.40–4.43, ammonia‐N 0.1–0.2% g/kg and lactic acid 1.3–2.9% on a fresh matter basis. The silage quality of LAB‐inoculated silages did not have a greater effect than control silages, except shrubby silage preparation. Silages treated with the cellulase, the pH of rush bushclover and shrubby sweetvetch silage were significantly (P < 0.05) lower and the lactic acid content were significantly (P < 0.05) higher than the control silages. The results confirmed that shrub contained a relatively high content of crude protein; its silages can be preserved in good quality, and they are new potential resources for livestock feed.     

Identification and characterization of lactic acid bacteria isolated from mixed pasture of timothy and orchardgrass,and its badly preserved silage

In order to understand the relationship between lactic acid bacteria (LAB) species and silage fermentation, a total of 65 LAB strains isolated from mixed pasture of timothy (Phleum pratense L.) and orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.), and its badly preserved silages were subjected to phenotypic and genetic analysis. According to these analyses, the isolates were divided into 13 groups, including Enterococcus gallinarum, Lactobacillus acidipiscis, L. coryniformis subsp. coryniformis, L. coryniformis subsp. torquens, L. curvatus, L. paraplantarum, L. plantarum subsp. argentoratensis, L. plantarum subsp. plantarum, L. sakei subsp. carnosus, Lactococcus garvieae, Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris, Leuconostoc pseudomesenteroides, Pediococcus acidilactici, Pediococcus pentosaceus, Weissella hellenica, Weissella paramesenteroides and Carnobacterium divergens. This is the first report to document that C. divergens, L. acidipiscis, L. sakei subsp. carnosus, L. garvieae, phenotypically novel L. lactis subsp. cremoris, E. gallinarum and W. hellenica are present in vegetative forage crops. L. plantarum group strains were most frequently isolated from the badly preserved silages. Some isolates showed a wide range of growth preferences for carbohydrate utilization, optimal growth pH and temperature in vitro, indicating that they have a high growth potential. These results are useful in understanding the diversity of LAB associated with decayed silage of timothy and orchardgrass.