冬夏兼用型日光温室内热湿性能分析与应用效果

日光温室是中国北方地区重要的农业设施类型,可进行春提早、秋延后与越冬栽培,但在夏季高温季节使用困难。为了提高苏北地区日光温室的利用效率,该文设计了一种后墙部分可拆装的冬夏兼用型日光温室,该日光温室的后墙包括上下两部分,上部分为镀锌钢架和秸秆块组成的拆装墙体,下部分为空心砌块砌筑的固定墙体。该文以当地传统空心砌块后墙日光温室为对照,首先监测两种日光温室最热月和最冷月的室内外温湿度变化;其次,比较分析了两种日光温室后墙材料热工性能、冬季后墙温度波动和热流密度的差异以及夏季室内空气流动速率的差异;最后,分析比较了两栋日光温室冬夏季室内作物生长状况、产量以及投入产出比。结果显示,冬夏兼用型日光温室固定墙体的热稳定性能和隔热性能分别高于传统空心砌块墙体10.8倍和18.3倍,昼平均热流密度高约19.0%,蓄热时间长约1.0 h,夜间平均热流密度高约18.3%,放热时间长约2.1 h。夏季拆除秸秆块后,冬夏兼用型日光温室内空气流速明显高于对照温室。田间监测发现,与对照温室相比,冬夏兼用型日光温室冬季白天室内平均气温高1.1℃,室内平均湿度低9.1%;夜间室内平均气温高1.0℃,室内平均湿度低6.8%,番茄单株产量显著提高16.7%;夏季通风口面积大,室内空气流速大,通过自然通风排除的热量多,白天室内平均气温低4.0℃,夜晚室内平均气温低3.1℃,日最高气温低1.4~8.1℃,不结球白菜单株鲜质量显著提高38.5%。统计结果显示,与对照温室相比,冬夏兼用型日光温室投入产出比高8.05%。综上,与当地传统空心砌块后墙日光温室相比,冬夏兼用型日光温室冬季保温性能和控湿性能好,夏季通风降温性能优良,能够实现作物的周年生产,在苏北地区具有一定的实用价值。     

钟楼式单层彩钢瓦屋面肉牛棚舍的环境评价

为了解亚热带无隔热层钟楼式单层彩钢瓦屋面棚舍栓系饲养模式下的环境特征,在凤阳测定了肉牛舍的温度、湿度、气流、PM10、NH3等指标。结果:夏季,棚舍内外温湿度几乎相同,换气量超过了最大换气量,PM10优于卫生标准,温湿指数范围为78～87,肉牛处于热应激状态。考虑了气流影响的体感温度范围为25.1～32.2℃,气流显著地减少了高温的影响。晴天棚顶内外表面温度最大相差1.2℃,棚顶隔热能力差,棚顶内表面最高可达48.3℃,此时的舍内气温仅为33.1℃,棚舍自然换气调节是环境控制的主体,适当架高棚顶,开设钟楼换气口有利于畜舍通风换气。冬季,舍内温度范围为-1～7.5℃,舍外温度范围-3.3～5.5℃,温差仅2℃,舍内风速为0.2～0.4 m/s,舍外风速为1.01～2.53 m/s。舍内湿度高于舍外,超过了肉牛生长的适宜湿度范围,NH3浓度优于卫生标准,冬季棚舍四周围挡塑料薄膜,减少了换气量,保温作用弱,空气质量下降。     

单栋塑料大棚在高温低风速下的自然通风数值研究

为了研究华东型单栋塑料大棚在高温低风速极端天气下的自然通风特征,利用计算流体力学(CFD)理论建立栽培植物的全尺度三维自然通风模型,模型包括了太阳辐射和作物的影响。仿真结果证实:在外界风速较低时,热压通风起主导作用,且增开天窗能提高大棚的通风效果。CFD仿真结果和实验测试点的温度偏差在1.1°C之内,吻合较好,验证了CFD模型的有效性。     

华东型连栋塑料温室自然通风开窗度模型及试验研究

应用流体力学的伯努力方程、连续性方程,设定室内最佳气温,推导出与温室外温度和风速、地理位置、温室结构、时间等多个因素相关联的动态开窗度模型.最后用此模型进行了温室的开窗控制,测出在此模型控制下的室内温度与模型要求基本吻合,说明此模型能控制自然通风下华东型连栋塑料温室的温度,为华东型温室的智能控制作了基础的理论分析.     

蛋鸡舍冬季CO2浓度控制标准与最小通风量确定

中国现行的蛋鸡舍内CO_2浓度控制的农业行业标准为1 500 mg/m~3,主要适用于传统的刮板式清粪鸡舍。目前新建、改建鸡舍都采用传送带清粪方式,鸡舍内的相对湿度和氨气等有害气体浓度均明显减少,其冬季最小通风量和舍内CO_2浓度参数标准均有待重新研究。该文通过总结分析国内外相关学者对不同清粪方式蛋鸡舍内NH_3、CO_2浓度的测试数据,提出传送带清粪蛋鸡舍内CO_2浓度取值建议,并根据CO_2浓度平衡原理,提出该类蛋鸡舍冬季最小通风量的取值建议。结果表明:传送带清粪蛋鸡舍内CO_2浓度参数控制标准建议可取5 000 mg/m~3;蛋鸡舍冬季连续通风最小通风量为0.40~0.50 m~3/(h·kg)。该研究为中国新建、改建传送带清粪模式蛋鸡舍CO_2浓度参数标准的取值以及调控蛋鸡舍冬季通风与保温矛盾等问题提供了参考依据。     

筒仓粳稻过夏降温保质技术：换气扇通风技术的研究

采用换气扇通风技术对锥底砖砌立筒仓储藏的粳稻进行小功率、微风速、低风量、和时间的微夺主缓速通风。充分利用粮堆层间温差大的特点，保持了粮堆原有的低温、又降低了堆局部的高温，使粮食安全度夏。其设备简单，耗电量低，经济效益显著。     

磷化铝仓外投药环流熏蒸杀虫试验

在仓房具有良好密闭条件和地上笼机械通风设施的前提下，将磷化铝药剂施入固定隧道式装置中进行环流熏蒸。试验表明：采用此种方法，能加速磷化氢气体的渗透和在粮堆各部位的均匀分布，获得了较好的杀虫效果，对操作人员安全，节约了费用。     

Effects of dietary fatty acid composition on metabolic rate and responses to hypoxia in the European eel (Anguilla anguilla)

European eels (Anguilla anguilla, L.) were fed on a commercial diet supplemented either with 15% by dry feed weight of menhaden oil (MO), an oil rich in highly unsaturated fatty acids of the n-3 series (n-3 HUFA), or with 15% by dry feed weight of coconut oil (CO), an oil composed primarily of saturated fatty acids (SFA). Following 90 days of feeding, the mean final masses of eels fed the two different oil supplements were similar, and higher than the mean final mass of a group fed the commercial diet alone. The diets created two distinct phenotypes of eels, distinguished by the fatty acid (FA) composition of their tissue lipids. Eels fed MO had significantly more total n-3 FA and n-3 HUFA in muscle and liver lipids than did eels fed CO, leading to higher n-3/n-6 and eicosapentaenoic acid/arachidonic acid ratios in the MO group. Measurements of O₂ uptake (M_O2) revealed that the MO group had a significantly lower routine metabolic rate (RMR) than the CO group. When exposed to progressive hypoxia, both groups regulated M_O2 at routine normoxic levels until critical water O₂ partial pressures that were statistically similar (9.62±1.08 kPa in MO versus 7.57±1.07 kPa in CO), beyond which they showed a reduction in M_O2 below RMR. The MO group exhibited a significantly lower M_O2 than the CO group throughout hypoxic exposure, but the percentage reductions in M_O2 below their relative RMR were equal in both groups. During recovery to normoxia, both groups exhibited an increase in M_O2 to rates significantly higher than their RMR. Throughout recovery, M_O2 was significantly lower in the MO group compared with the CO group, but the percentage increases in M_O2 relative to RMR were equal in both. During progressive hypoxia, neither group exhibited a marked ventilatory reflex response, both showed similar reductions in blood O₂ partial pressure and content, and similar increases in plasma lactate. The results indicate that, although the n-3 HUFA-enriched MO group had a significantly lower routine metabolic rate than the CO group, the difference in aerobic metabolism did not influence the European eel's homeostatic regulation of M_O2 in hypoxia.