黄河兰州段湿地典型植物群落物种多样性研究

以黄河兰州段分布最广泛的芦苇-假苇拂子茅群落和酸模叶蓼-灰绿藜群落为研究对象,研究2个群落的植物物种组成和多样性特征。结果表明:芦苇群落有植物22种,隶属于13科20属,酸模叶蓼群落有植物24种,隶属于11科22属,2个群落的共种有10种,相似性系数为43.48%,菊科、禾本科、藜科、蓼科是该植物区系的优势科。物种多样性的分析说明2个群落的Pielou指数(J)波动比较小,Simpson指数(D)和Shannon-Wiener指数(H)均波动都比较大,并且H指数与J指数存在明显的正比例关系,而与D指数呈显著的反比例关系。方差分析表现出两群落S,H,D和J指数的差异并不明显,说明组成两群落的物种有一定的相似性和连续性,也存在着差异。     

Native and exotic seed dispersal by the stone marten (Martes foina): implications for the regeneration of a relict climactic forest in central Portugal

The stone marten (Martes foina) is a carnivorous mammal that often consumes fleshy fruits, thus potentially promoting seed dispersion. The present study was developed in Bussaco National Forest, central Portugal, and aimed to assess the potential role of the stone marten in dispersing native and exotic plants in different forest landscape types. Seeds from stone marten scats and fleshy fruits were collected monthly and were thereafter identified and sowed in a nursery, following a randomized experimental setup. Plant emergence was monitored fortnightly. Generalized linear models were used to test for differences in time and success of emergence between seeds from scats and fruits of 3 native species (Rubus ulmifolius, Arbutus unedo and Celtis australis) and 1 exotic plant species with invasive behavior (Prunus laurocerasus). Fruit consumption by the stone martens significantly increased and accelerated the germination of the native R. ulmifolius but had no effect on the other 2 native species or on the invasive species. This suggested that stone martens contribute to gene flow and forest regeneration by dispersing native plant seeds. However, although the germination was not enhanced in the invasive species, the preference of stone martens for these fruits may potentially contribute to the proliferation of P. laurocerasus. Our study represents a contribution to better understanding the fauna and flora interactions, enabling for a more conscious and effective decision‐making in forest management.     

Detection of Chlamydiaceae in ocular swabs from Australian pre‐export feedlot sheep

Infectious Ovine Keratoconjunctivitis (IOK) is a contagious ocular disease of sheep. A range of organisms have been observed as the aetiological agents of IOK. In this study, the presence of chlamydial pathogens (C. pecorum, C. abortus, C. psittaci) in conjunctival swabs was tested for. The swabs were collected from sheep with varying grades of IOK in an Australian pre‐export feedlot. The sheep had been rejected from a shipment because of the eye disease. The relative contribution of chlamydial pathogens to IOK and the rejection of animals was evaluated. In total, 149 conjunctival swabs were taken from rejected sheep (IOK Grades 1 to 6; n = 126) as well as those with healthy eyes (Grade 0; n = 23). Screening for chlamydial pathogens was done using species–specific qPCR assays. Chlamydial DNA was detected in 35.6% (53/149) of conjunctival samples. C. pecorum was the most predominant species with an overall prevalence of 28.9% (43/149). C. psittaci prevalence was 6.7% (10/149). Both organisms were detected in healthy as well as IOK‐affected eyes. All swabs tested negative for C. abortus. The results from this study demonstrate that Chlamydia spp can be readily detected in sheep presenting with IOK. The zoonotic C. abortus was not detected in any of the samples in this study, providing further evidence to the suggestion that this pathogen remains absent from Australia. Although the exact contribution of Chlamydia spp in the IOK pathogenesis is unclear, such studies are anticipated to be of benefit to Australian domestic and live export production systems.     

多种动物血清中生物活性LH/CG的放射受体测定法(RRA)

利用绵羊卵巢黄体细胞膜作为 LH / CG受体来源 ,以放射性12 5 I- h CG作为示踪标记配体 ,以高纯度的h CG为标准品建立标准曲线 ,建立了一种有效的 LH- RRA测定方法。它能够直接检测多种动物血清中与受体结合的具有生物活性的 LH的动态变化。该法测定程序简单 ,在 2 h内完成并获得可重复性结果。测定方法的灵敏度为 0 .3ng/管 ,批内和批间误差分别为 ( 3.4 1± 3.14 ) %和 ( 8.70± 7.93) %。动物 (牛、兔、猪 )垂体液中 LH含量反应曲线和 h CG标准曲线平行良好。牛、羊、猪、兔、鼠和仓鼠血清中 LH的剂量反应曲线和h CG标准曲线的平行性表明 ,该 LH- RRA可以用来检测不同动物血清中的具有生物活性的 LH变化。回收试验表明 ,在该测定方法中加入 3、10、30 ng h CG时的回收率分别为 ( 10 0 .59± 5.55) %、( 99.55± 9.86 ) %、( 10 4 .2 8± 7.4 5) %,说明测定结果的正确性。该 LH - RRA的测定结果反映了动物正常的生理状态。本试验垂体中有活性的 LH水平远远高于外周循环中的水平 ,雌、雄动物循环血液中的 LH含量不一致。     

五台山高山、亚高山草甸植物种分布的环境梯度分析和种组划分

通过野外植被调查,结合景观尺度生境因子的测定与模拟,运用CCA排序分析研究区内高山、亚高山草甸地段植物物种分布与环境因子之间的定量关系,综合TWINSPAN分类结果对五台山高寒草甸植物种进行了生态种组划分。结果表明：1)五台山的高山、亚高山草甸分布地段,温度和太阳辐射是控制着草甸植物种分布的关键因子;2)依据草甸物种在CCA排序图上的分布位置,划分出高山冷干型、高山冷湿型、亚高山典型种、亚高山凉干型、亚高山凉湿型、山地暖干型和山地暖湿型几类物种,可以较好地指示研究区的生境特征;3)TWINSPAN划分结果与CCA 划分的生态种组比较吻合。     

黄土高原撂荒地植物群落共存种光合特性对土壤水分变化的响应

植物群落共存种的环境适应性和相对竞争能力差异是植物群落动态和演替的两个决定性因素,其中光合特性与二者都有紧密关联,因此研究群落共存种光合特性的差异对理解群落演替机理具有重要意义。以黄土丘陵区10种主要的撂荒地植物群落共存种为研究对象,测定其在不同的生长月份(8-10月)和不同水分条件下(适宜水分及中度、重度干旱胁迫)光合速率、蒸腾速率和水分利用效率等的变化,分析植物群落共存种光合特性对土壤水分变化的响应。结果表明:1)3种水分条件下,无芒隐子草、白羊草、小花棘豆和达乌里胡枝子的净光合速率日变化均呈单峰曲线,而冰草和阿尔泰狗娃花的则呈双峰曲线,有光合“午休”现象,10种群落共存种以无芒隐子草的日光合能力峰值最大,冰草的最小;2)除中华隐子草和阿尔泰狗娃花外,多数种的蒸腾速率日变化在3种水分条件下均呈单峰曲线,其中,无芒隐子草的日蒸腾能力峰值最大,小花棘豆的最小;3)日均净光合速率和日均蒸腾速率存在显著种间差异和生长月份差异(P<0.05),其中,无芒隐子草的日均净光合速率和日均蒸腾速率最大,而日均水分利用效率在不同物种和生长月份之间则无显著差异(P>0.05);4)在演替生态位置上,10种群落共存种以演替前期种的日均蒸腾速率和日均水分利用效率相对较低,而演替后期种相对较高,表明演替后期的植物水分利用性能较高。在干旱半干旱的黄土高原丘陵区,伴随演替进程的土壤环境旱化,演替后期序列种凭借其较高的水分利用能力,将在撂荒地群落中占据优势地位,从而逐渐代替演替前期种。     

高尔夫球场草坪地下害虫蛴螬的研究

本研究以北京市昌平县国际高尔夫球场为试验基地 ,依不同的植被种类及管理水平 ,将该球场划分为 3个区 :草坪区 (球道和高草区 )、水域区和林灌区。对高尔夫球场这一特殊生态系统中蛴螬 (White grub)的种类、种群动态及空间生态分布进行了系统的调查和分析研究。据调查 ,共有 7个属、13个种 ,分别属于丽金龟科 (Rutelidae)和鳃角金龟甲科 (Melolonthidae) ;在草坪草全年的生长期中 ,蛴螬种群动态数量有 2个高峰期 :5月上旬至 6月上旬和 8月下旬至 9月中下旬 ;蛴螬种群数量变化的年际间无差异 ,高水平的草坪管理措施对蛴螬种群数量的增长具有一定的控制作用。春季是防治蛴螬的最佳时期 ,高草区、结缕草草坪、槐树林是防治的重点区域。     

First record and redescription of the introduced sea anemone Sagartia ornata (Holdsworth, 1855) (Cnidaria: Actiniaria: Sagartiidae) from South Africa

The brooding sea anemone Sagartia ornata is reported from South Africa for the first time and is redescribed. The species is abundant intertidally in Langebaan Lagoon, where it attaches to stones shal lowly buried in sediment. It is probably a recent intro duction from Europe.     

线粒体与种子老化的关系

种子作为最基本的生产资料,其活力高低直接关系到农业生产的成败。关于种子老化机理的研究是种子科学研究的热点和难点。线粒体是真核生物细胞内重要的细胞器,是细胞能量合成和物质代谢的中心,也是活性氧产生的主要位点,且普遍认为,活性氧是导致种子老化的主要因素。种子老化过程中线粒体的典型结构逐渐被破坏,呼吸速率和氧化磷酸化效率降低,抗氧化功能发生改变,因此,本文主要概述种子的老化与线粒体结构、呼吸作用、抗氧化系统变化的关系,并阐述线粒体与细胞程序性死亡关系的研究进展,系统分析种子老化与线粒体变化研究中存在的问题及未来发展趋势,以期为研究种子老化的线粒体作用机理提供理论基础。