板材三维曲面的无模多点闭环成形技术

基于具有并行调形功能的多点快速曲面造型系统和自主开发的激光扫描测量机,提出了三维板类件多点闭环精确造型的概念,并应用PID控制算法进行了多点闭环成形实验,得到了符合设计要求的工件形状。讨论了三维板类件多点成形逆向工程的实现问题。     

高密度捆草机推广应用研究

目前,农业纤维物料成型技术在开发推广应用上不普及,高密度捆草机械系统生产上应用的不多。为此,从技术、市场上进行了全面分析研究,并在此基础上提出了几点建议,旨在使该生产技术在畜牧业发展当中发挥积极作用,以确保畜牧业得到可持续发展,草原生态得到进一步恢复。     

Administration of probiotic Bacillus licheniformis induces growth,immune and antioxidant enzyme activities,gut microbiota assembly and resistance to Vibrio parahaemolyticus in Litopenaeus vannamei

This study aimed to elucidate the effects of dietary Bacillus licheniformis ATCC 11946 (BL) on the growth, immune and antioxidant activities, intestinal morphology and microbiota, and susceptibility to Vibrio parahaemolyticus (VP_AHPND) in juvenile pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei (LV). Juvenile LV (initial weight = 0.63 ± 0.001) were fed diets containing varying BL concentrations (0 (BL0), 10⁶ (BL1), 10⁷ (BL2) and 10⁸ (BL3) CFU/g feed) for 8 weeks. Growth performance, immune and antioxidant enzyme activities, and intestinal morphology significantly improved in the probiotic‐treated groups than the untreated. Regardless of the treatment group, the two dominant phyla were Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes, whereas the two dominant genera were Ruegeria and Vibrio. Increasing inclusion of probiotics in diets led to significant increase in beneficial bacterial genera (Ruegeria, and Pseudoalteromonas) and a significant decrease in some known opportunistic pathogens (Vibrio, Tenacibaculum, Photobacterium, Kangiella and Spongiimonas) with the BL3 group witnessing the best. A 7‐day challenge study with VP_AHPND showed significantly high protection in the probiotic‐treated groups, with the BL3, BL2 and BL1 obtaining 51%, 34% and 22% relative percentage survival, respectively. In conclusion, BL at 10⁸ CFU/g feed should be used to help in shrimp production since it attained the most significant improvement.     

A critical appraisal of appendage disparity and homology in fishes

Fishes are both extremely diverse and morphologically disparate. Part of this disparity can be observed in the numerous possible fin configurations that may differ in terms of the number of fins as well as fin shapes, sizes and relative positions on the body. Here, we thoroughly review the major patterns of disparity in fin configurations for each major group of fishes and discuss how median and paired fin homologies have been interpreted over time. When taking into account the entire span of fish diversity, including both extant and fossil taxa, the disparity in fin morphologies greatly complicates inferring homologies for individual fins. Given the phylogenetic scope of this review, structural and topological criteria appear to be the most useful indicators of fin identity. We further suggest that it may be advantageous to consider some of these fin homologies as nested within the larger framework of homologous fin‐forming morphogenetic fields. We also discuss scenarios of appendage evolution and suggest that modularity may have played a key role in appendage disparification. Fin modules re‐expressed within the boundaries of fin‐forming fields could explain how some fins may have evolved numerous times independently in separate lineages (e.g., adipose fin), or how new fins may have evolved over time (e.g., anterior and posterior dorsal fins, pectoral and pelvic fins). We favour an evolutionary scenario whereby median appendages appeared from a unique field of competence first positioned throughout the dorsal and ventral midlines, which was then redeployed laterally leading to paired appendages.     

生物质固体成型燃料加工生产线及配套设备

针对目前中国生物质原料复杂多样,以及生物质固体成型燃料加工过程中存在系统配合协调能力差、原料适应能力差、生产率低等问题。该文采用模辊式成型原理,研发设计了有强制喂料系统的成型机以及配套设备,采用二次粉碎工艺以及连续喂料与调制喂料相结合的混配工艺,提出了能够适应多种生物质原料特性的固体成型燃料生产工艺路线,建立了生物质固体成型燃料生产线。试验检测结果表明,采用生物质固体成型燃料生产线的每小时生产率比单机状态下提高了17.3%,经济效益提高13.3%,成型率达到98%,堆积密度和颗粒密度也明显高于单机,达到了设计要求。实现了规模化、连续稳定生产,有利于中国生物质固体成型燃料产业化的发展。     

黄土区草地坡面片流阻力系数试验研究

阻力系数是坡面流水动力学参数之一,是反映坡面流水力学特性的重要特征值。通过室内人工模拟降雨试验,研究了不同雨强(0.7,1.0,1.5,2.0,2.5mm/min)和坡度(7°,10°,15°,20°,25°)下,黄土区草地坡面片流阻力系数随雨强和坡度的变化特征。结果表明:(1)不同雨强和坡度下,草地坡面片流阻力系数随降雨历时的变化均呈先波动减小,后逐渐趋于稳定的趋势,且变化过程均可用二次多项式进行描述,相关性显著,决定系数0.5以上。(2)草地坡面片流阻力系数随雨强的增加而逐渐增大,可用指数方程描述,决定系数0.8以上;而片流阻力系数随坡度的增加而减小,可用对数方程描述,决定系数0.6以上。(3)草地坡面次降雨平均片流阻力系数对雨强及坡度的综合响应关系可用二元指数函数描述,决定系数0.923,且雨强对草地坡面片流平均阻力系数的影响大于坡度对阻力系数的影响。研究结果为草地坡面水流动力学特性及草地植被的阻流机制提供参考和理论基础,对于深刻认识黄土区草地坡面侵蚀动力和生态建设具有重要意义。     

玉米季横垄坡面片蚀阶段产流及水动力学参数变化特征

为弄清玉米各生育期片蚀阶段的径流特征,采用人工模拟降雨与微小区试验相结合的方法,研究不同坡度下紫色土横垄坡面片蚀阶段产流及水动力学参数变化特征。结果表明:(1)15°坡面,拔节期和抽雄期片蚀出现时间在8min后,且与苗期和成熟期间达显著差异;20°坡面,拔节期和抽雄期片蚀出现时间在6min后,且与苗期、成熟期片蚀出现时间达显著差异。(2)15°坡面,径流总量和产流率均表现为成熟期苗期抽雄期拔节期,且成熟期径流总量和产流率分别为31.25L和1.04L/min;20°坡面,径流总量和产流率却表现为苗期成熟期抽雄期拔节期,且成熟期径流总量和产流率分别为34.62L和1.44L/min;径流总量和产流率总体表现为20°坡面显著高于15°坡面。(3)15°坡面,水流剪切应力在各生育期无显著差异,其它水动力学参数均表现为抽雄期最小,成熟期和苗期较大。20°坡面,单位水流功率在各生育期无显著差异,其它水动力学参数表现为拔节期或抽雄期最小,成熟期或苗期最大。断面单位能量和水流功率是试验条件下与横垄坡面片蚀产流率关系最密切的水动力学参数,可较好地表征横垄坡面产流特征。研究结果可为紫色土丘陵区坡耕地片蚀的有效防控提供理论依据。     

对辊柱塞式成型机成型参数优化

为寻求对辊柱塞式成型机锯末制粒时的最优成型参数,探索成型参数对成型结果的影响规律,以锯末含水率、成型模具长径比和主轴转速为试验因素,以成型颗粒密度和成型机生产率为试验指标,基于Design-Expert BBD(Box-Behnken Design)试验设计方法对试验数据进行了处理和分析,建立了试验因素对试验指标的回归方程。结果表明:对辊柱塞式成型机采用锯末为原料制粒时,最优成型参数为:含水率15.5%、成型模具长径比5.3、主轴转速47.25 r/min。在此条件下,成型颗粒密度和成型机生产率分别可达到1.17 g/cm3、75 kg/h;各试验因素对成型颗粒密度的贡献率从大到小依次为:成型模具长径比、主轴转速、含水率,各试验因素对成型机生产率的贡献率从大到小依次为:含水率、成型模具长径比、主轴转速;成型颗粒密度试验值与预测值最大相对误差为0.426%,成型机生产率最大相对误差为2.733%,吻合程度较高。     

成孔机构与土壤相互作用的力学模型及应用

为实现油菜移栽机成孔机构形成满足农艺要求的栽植孔,并为设计新型移栽机提供理论依据,针对不同类型土壤具有不同物理机械力学特性等问题,进行成孔机构与土壤相互作用力学试验研究。分析土壤极限抗剪承载力Qu与土壤摩擦阻力Qf的计算公式,建立成孔机构与土壤相互作用的力学模型,完成不同类型土壤的物理机械力学特性指标的测定,结合成孔机构相关结构参数,求解圆柱形孔刺垂直刺入土壤75cm处所受抗剪阻力Ff1与垂直弹出土壤时所受摩擦阻力Ff2,得出圆柱形孔刺在不同类型土壤中,其抗剪阻力Ff1最大值1139.7N,摩擦阻力Ff2最大值达到107.6N。该研究为设计栽植孔成型机构提供了试验依据,为进一步研究不同类型土壤与成孔机构的阻力提供了理论依据。     

雷州半岛干旱特征、成因与治理对策

研究了雷州半岛干旱的特征,从气候因素和人为因素两方面分析了干旱的形成原因,根据生态学和系统工程学原理,提出了实施土、水、植、气四位一体的干旱综合治理对策。