Endoscopic anatomy of the cervical vertebral canal in the horse: a cadaver study

Reason for performing study: Localisation of spinal cord compression in horses with cervical vertebral stenotic myelopathy is inexact. Vertebral canal endoscopy has been used in man to localise spinal cord lesions and has the potential to become a useful diagnostic technique in horses. Objective: To establish a surgical approach via the atlanto‐occipital space to the cervical vertebral canal in equine cadavers and describe the endoscopic anatomy of the cervical epidural and subarachnoid spaces. Methods: The cadavers of 25 mature horses were used to assess 3 surgical methods to approach the cervical vertebral canal, including 2 minimally invasive and one open technique. Once the approach had been made, a flexible videoendoscope was inserted into the epidural space (epiduroscopy) or the subarachnoid space (myeloscopy) and advanced caudally until the intervertebral space between C7 and T1 was reached. Results: The epidural and subarachnoid spaces could not be accessed reliably using the minimally invasive techniques. Furthermore, damage to the nervous tissues was a frequent complication with these procedures. The open approach allowed successful insertion of the videoendoscope into the epidural and subarachnoid spaces in all horses and no inadvertent damage was observed. Anatomical structures that could be seen in the epidural space included the dura mater, nerve roots, fat and the ventral internal vertebral venous plexus. In the subarachnoid space, the spinal cord, nerve roots, blood vessels, denticulate ligaments and external branch of the accessory nerve were seen. Conclusions: Using the open approach, epiduroscopy and myeloscopy over the entire length of the cervical vertebral canal are possible in the mature horse. Potential relevance: Cervical vertebral canal endoscopy may become a valuable tool to localise the site of spinal cord injury in horses with cervical vertebral stenotic myelopathy and could aid in the diagnosis of other diseases of the cervical spinal cord.     

渠道衬砌抗渗型粉煤灰-稻壳混凝土抗渗性能试验

为了满足渠道衬砌的需要,提高稻壳混凝土的抗渗性能,在稻壳混凝土中加入了粉煤灰。该文通过试验对渠道衬砌抗渗型粉煤灰-稻壳混凝土的抗渗性能进行了研究,得到粉煤灰质量分数、稻壳质量分数和水灰比对粉煤灰稻壳混凝土抗渗性能的影响规律,同时得到了粉煤灰-稻壳混凝土相对渗透系数小于0.783×10-8 cm/s的混凝土配合比。通过对混凝土抗渗性能主效应分析得到混凝土抗渗性能的影响因素顺序：水灰比>稻壳质量分数>粉煤灰质量分数;粉煤灰-稻壳混凝土的相对渗透系数随着粉煤灰质量分数和稻壳质量分数的增大呈现出先减小后增大的抛物线的变化趋势,随着水灰比的增大呈现出一直增大的线性变化的规律。试验结果表明在不降低混凝土导热系数的前提下,在稻壳混凝土中掺入粉煤灰后确实能提高稻壳混凝土的抗渗性能。     

Pyogenic meningitis and trigeminal neuritis secondary to periodontogenic paranasal sinusitis in a red deer (Cervus elaphus)

An adult female red deer died of a severe seizure and dysbasia. Postmortem computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were performed. On CT, deciduous right maxillary second and third premolar teeth were observed, and the right infraorbital canal was disrupted. MRI showed that the right trigeminal nerve was enlarged and the right subarachnoid cavity was occupied by fluid and gas. On gross examination, the right paranasal sinus, swollen muscles of the orbit and tonsils, right trigeminal nerve, and right cerebrum surface contained a yellowish-white, cheese-like pus. Based on these findings, the deer was believed to have developed pyogenic meningitis caused by a neuropathic infection secondary to periodontogenic paranasal sinusitis.     

渠灌类型区农业高效用水项目区(杨陵)调查报告

通过对渠灌类型区农业高效用水科技产业示范项目区的自然、社会、经济、水资源的供需状况以及节水灌溉的发展现状进行调查,分析了灌区目前在节水灌溉和农业高效用水方面存在的主要问题,为该项目的有效实施提供了科学依据     

陕西关中灌区支斗渠管理体制改革研究

归纳总结了陕西关中9大灌区,支斗渠管理体制改革的几种主要形式及运作程序,探讨了各改制形式的成效、特点,分析了各自的利弊、存在的问题,并提出了改进意见。这是灌区主动适应社会主义市场经济的发展,增强自我发展活力,促进水利工程经济良性循环的根本之举与必由之路。同时对长期困扰我国各灌区量大面广的田间工程投入和管护问题提出一条解决途径     

预切种式木薯排种机构设计与试验

针对当前预切种式木薯播种器存在充种效果差、合格指数低的问题，该研究设计了一种由落种滑板、主动辊筒、型孔摩擦带、支撑辊组、从动辊筒及储种箱等组成的预切种式木薯型孔摩擦带式精密排种机构。阐述了排种机构的基本结构和工作原理。对关键部件参数进行设计，通过理论分析确定影响排种机构充种性能的主要因素为型孔摩擦带型孔形状、型孔数量、型孔摩擦带安装倾角、型孔摩擦带速度以及种茎层厚度。基于离散元法（discrete element method,DEM）建立种茎群-型孔摩擦带仿真模型，通过单因素仿真分析各因素对充种性能及种茎群规律的影响。以充种合格指数和漏充指数为评价指标，通过二次回归正交旋转组合仿真分析确定最优参数，利用Design-Expert数据软件，建立各试验因素与评价指标的数学回归模型，并进行参数优化。结果表明，影响充种合格指数和漏充指数的因素主次顺序为型孔摩擦带速度、型孔摩擦带安装倾角和种茎层厚度，圆整后的最优参数为型孔摩擦带速度0.6 m/s、型孔摩擦带安装倾角45°，种茎层厚度250 mm，此时的模型预测充种合格指数为94.63%，漏充指数为3.42%，重充指数为1.95%。在最优参数下...     

半滑舌鳎(Cynoglossus semilaevis)消化道显微与超微结构

采用解剖学、组织切片、电镜观察和2种染色技术研究了半滑舌鳎(Cynoglossus semilavis)消化道的组织结构特征.半滑舌鳎消化道可分为口咽腔、食道、食道胃、前肠、后肠5部分,观察了各部分消化道的显微和超微结构,测定了消化道各部分的黏膜褶皱数、黏膜褶皱高度、肌肉层(纵肌和环肌)厚度、黏液细胞相对密度等指标.结果显示,半滑舌鳎不具备结构特征明显的胃,摄食后,食道后部与肠道连接部形成一个囊状膨大结构,称之为食道胃;食道前部开始出现杯状黏液细胞,整个食道以Ⅲ型黏液细胞为主,食道胃中黏液细胞以Ⅲ型为主,前肠黏液细胞以Ⅳ型为主,后肠黏液细胞以Ⅱ型为主.研究结果为认识半滑舌鳎消化与吸收生理机制及研制人工养殖用饲料提供参考资料.     

侧渠底高对分水口水力特性影响数值模拟研究

目前对灌区分水口水力性能的研究多集中在主渠和侧渠底部高程相等的情况下,对于普遍存在的侧渠底部高程高于主渠时的分流特性缺乏系统研究。该文在试验基础上,利用FLOW-3D软件对侧渠不同底高、主渠来流量的矩形渠道分水口进行了数值模拟研究,将主渠各断面水深、流速的模拟值与实测值进行对比,发现流速变化与实测值变化规律基本一致,相对误差均小于10%,利用FLOW-3D对分水口进行数值计算具有合理可信性。结果表明：分水口处的水面波动受主渠来流的影响,流量越大,波动越大;高于侧渠底高的水流会对低于侧渠底高的下层水流产生影响,使下层水流具有向上的流速分量,参与分水口分流;同一主渠来流量下,随侧渠底高的增加,侧渠进口断面最大流速和水深逐渐减小;侧渠进口断面靠近上游端的区域湍动较大,而在下游端靠近底部湍动能值较小。研究为灌区配水及水量控制提供了参考依据。     

Lysimeter study on the use of biodrainage to control waterlogging and secondary salinization in (canal) irrigated arid/semi-arid environment

The study describes the capacity of trees to control the rise in water table and thus prevent the formation of waterlogged soils and development of secondary salinization in canal irrigated areas. It was conducted in RCC lysimeters of 1.2 m dia. and 2.5 m depth filled with sandy loam alluvial soil (Typic Ustochrept), with provisions to maintain water table depth at 1, 1.5 and 2 m from the surface and groundwater salinity at 0.4, 3, 6, 9 and 12 dS m-1. The amount of water biodrained by eucalyptus (Eucalyptus tereticornis) and bamboo (Bambusa arundinacea) at the given water table depths and groundwater salinity levels was monitored over four years by daily measuring the water needed for maintaining the water table. The trees continued to absorb and transpire water throughout the year, the capacity being more in summer and rainy than that was in the winter season. The eucalyptus plant could biodrain 2880, 5499, 5518 and 5148 mm of water in the first, second, third and fourth year of study period, from non-saline groundwater and a water table depth of 1.5 m. The amount of water biodrained was more at 1.5 m as compared to 1 and 2 m water table depths. The biodrainage capacity of trees was significantly affected by the salinity of the groundwater. However, even at salinity of 12 dS m-1, the eucalyptus plant biodrained 53% of that under non-saline conditions. It was calculated that biodrainage could control water table rises upto 1.95, 3.48, 3.76 and 3.64 m in first, second, third and fourth year, respectively. The secondary salinity developed in the root zone, upto 45 cm depth, did not exceed 4 dS m-1 even at water table depth of 1 m with salinity of 12 dS m-1. The volume of water biodrained by bamboo increased with time and could control water table rises upto 1.09, 1.86, 2.46 and 2.96 m in first, second, third and fourth year of growth, respectively.This study indicates that due to high transpiration capacity and an ability to extract water from deeper layers containing saline groundwater, the trees can control the rise in water table in irrigation command areas and prevent the formation of waterlogged and eventually the saline wastelands.     

基于弹性薄层接触模型研究衬砌渠道双膜防冻胀布设

渠道衬砌下双膜防渗层可解除渠基土冻结力,释放衬砌结构位移以适应不均匀冻胀,但会影响衬砌结构的刚度与稳定性。为研究最佳双膜防渗层布设形式及其适应性,考虑双膜防渗层接触本构及衬砌结构与渠基土的相互作用,依据基土水热力三场耦合理论建立了寒区衬砌渠道的冻胀模型,通过数值模拟仿真分析了不同断面及不同双膜防渗层布设形式的弧底梯形渠道衬砌的冻胀受力与变位。结果表明:宽浅断面渠道采用双膜衬砌结构时,膜间摩擦力过小造成刚度和稳定性严重降低以及衬砌拉应力增加。适当的膜间摩擦力可以解除部分冻结约束,调整局部不均匀冻胀,而且发挥弧底反拱作用不产生拉应力。采用PE膜与无纺布作为层间接触的双膜衬砌结构,冻胀位移方差减小25%,同时整体位移增加不超过0.2 cm,削减冻胀应力50%以上。在不显著降低结构整体稳定性前提下,其整体刚度和结构强度提高程度最大,故同时适用于窄深渠道和宽浅渠道。研究为寒区衬砌渠道中双膜防渗层的合理布设提供科学依据。