关于现代高校图书馆读书活动的思考

大学是任何一个社会道德与理性的凝聚之所,具有高雅的文化品位和卓尔不凡的气质是每个大学生所应具备的。高校图书馆作为大文化的一员,通过自己的全部活动,将图书荷载的社会主体意识、价值取向和行为规范厚植在每个大学生心中,变成一种精神力量和软约束机制。     

图书馆电子阅览室的建设措施

从电子阅览室的环境要求和布局、设备配置、服务工作、电子出版物的采集、人才的引进及培养等方面总结了图书馆电子阅览室的建设措施,以发挥网络时代电子阅览室在图书馆建设中的重要作用。     

1979—2008年泊头市地面及浅层地温变化趋势分析

根据1979—2008年泊头市逐年及季平均地面和浅层地温资料,采用折线图、气候变率等分析方法,对30年来泊头市地温变化趋势进行分析,结果发现近30年泊头市年地面平均、最高、最低温度均呈上升趋势,且年和季地面温度中均以地面最低温度升温最快。5、10、15、20 cm地温的年变化均为上升趋势,以10 cm地温上升速度最为显著;春季5~20 cm地温均呈升温趋势,以10 cm地温升温速度最为显著;夏季以10 cm地温升温最为明显;秋季浅层地温均为下降趋势,以15 cm地温下降最为显著;冬季5 cm地温升温最快。该研究为了解全球气候变暖对地面及浅层地面温度的影响提供参考依据。     

甘肃省小陇山林区降雨型浅层滑坡汇水面积-坡度关系及其影响因素

沟头发生侵蚀的地形临界模型可有效预测侵蚀沟的形成条件,浅层滑坡失稳形成的洼地也是沟头形成的方式之一。为探究浅层滑坡临界起动模型的特点,以甘肃省天水市小陇山林区的降雨型浅层滑坡为研究对象,运用汇水面积-坡度关系,构建临界起动模型,与黄土高原典型侵蚀沟(浅沟、切沟)的临界起动模型进行对比分析,并探讨土地利用类型、植被类型和土壤质地对该模型的影响。结果表明:(1)浅层滑坡临界起动模型为S=3.50A_s^-0.34,其侵蚀阈值为3.50,大于黄土高原典型浅沟(0.96)和切沟(1.54)的侵蚀阈值。研究区浅层滑坡一般发生于土层较薄的陡坡地带,其平均坡度(S=1.26)大于浅沟(S=0.35)与切沟(S=0.46),单位汇水面积(A=89.08 m²/m)小于浅沟(A=920.93 m²/m)和切沟(A=1 129.82 m²/m)。(2)汇水面积与坡度平方的乘积(AS²)代表了沟头产生侵蚀的能量指标值。研究区浅层滑坡AS²值在269.1~5 703.2 m²,平均值为1 772.97 m²,黄土高原浅沟AS²值在4.74~892.66 m²,切沟在41~814 m²,启动能量值方面,浅沟<切沟<浅层滑坡。(3)土地利用类型、植被类型和土壤质地通过影响土壤的抗冲力、渗透性和黏粒含量,从而对浅层滑坡的起动难易程度产生影响。在不同的土地利用方式中,农地最易发生侵蚀,其次是林地。油松林附近浅层滑坡的抗侵蚀能力高于日本落叶松林。研究结果为探究浅层滑坡的起动条件提供理论依据。     

Field Crop Production in Areas with Saline Soils and Shallow Saline Groundwater in the San Joaquin Valley of California

SUMMARY

Salinity in soil and water is irrevocably associated with irrigated agriculture throughout the world and as a result requires that salt management becomes an integral part of the production system. With careful water management, it is possible to sustain irrigated agriculture in areas with saline soil and saline groundwater with and without subsurface drainage. The results from two field projects conducted in an area with saline soils and saline groundwater demonstrated the type of irrigation systems and management needed to sustain production of moderately salt tolerant and tolerant crops. During the first study at Murrieta farms, yields of cotton and sugar beet were maintained using both saline and non-saline water for irrigation when pre-plant irrigation and rainfall were adequate to maintain soil salinity at a tolerable level. Wheat production was reduced in areas that used saline water for irrigation. Use of saline water containing toxic elements such as boron for irrigation poses a threat to the sustainability of the system. The second study evaluated the management of furrow and subsurface drip irrigation in the presence of shallow saline groundwater. Careful management of the furrow system during pre-plant irrigation and the first irrigation of the growing season was required to prevent waterlogging. It was possible to manage the subsurface drip system to induce significant crop water use from shallow groundwater. Rainfall and pre-plant irrigation were adequate at this site to manage soil salinity.     

排盐补淡对滨海盐碱土壤盐分变化的影响

为明确增加地下水埋深及补淡淋洗对滨海盐碱土的脱盐效果,以期为滨海盐碱土壤改良及水资源合理利用提供科学依据。以浅井排盐和灌溉水、降雨淋洗作为排盐补淡措施,在距排盐井不同半径处对地下水位和1 m土层含盐量进行测定,研究其在排盐补淡过程中的变化情况。研究表明,利用4 m左右的简易浅井可有效增加地下水埋深,抽水区域地下水埋深围绕排盐井呈现"V"型变化;排盐对中度和重度盐碱土1 m土层含盐量的影响存在差异,中度盐碱土表现抑盐、重度盐碱土有脱盐效果,且都随着抽提半径的增大,抑盐脱盐效果减弱;灌溉或降雨对盐碱土壤有脱盐作用,抽水腾出土壤水库容会提高土壤脱盐率,比仅灌溉或降雨分别高34.22%和17.53%,接近水量的灌水处理比降雨效果明显。综上所述,增加地下水埋深、腾空土壤水库容可以有效抑制盐碱土壤返盐并提高灌溉水、降雨等淡水洗盐效率,加大土壤脱盐效果。     

后阅读时代文化创新意识培养研究

[研究目的]围绕中国高校培养应用型、创新型、开放型人才的目标,在“互联网+交互阅读群+阅读推广”协同认知中,通过利用重视后阅读环境下泛在阅读方式,强化大学生文化认同感和文化自信意识,促进和提高学生文化传承及发展创新IP意识。使学生在不同的教育阶段通过文化协同认知和阅读设计,提升学生具有国际化视野的文化创新和国家文化责任的新一代文化创新型人才。[研究方法]分析中国学生群体阅读生态环境目前存在的问题及成因,对学生群体阅读生态变化进行趋势分析发现,分析大学生阅读问题及对策,打造后阅读时代大学生文化创新意识的培养体系,深入阐述在文化自信和知识创新（IP）的视野下,IP创新的培养模式,创新阅读模式。[研究结论]后阅读时代,学生阅读群体的阅读特征和阅读生态环境发生了变化,交互互动式阅读、碎片化短阅读、评论式阅读、图像阅读等制约了学生的阅读行为,社会信息爆炸性激增,泛在化的信息大量充斥着信息的获取,图书馆及学校文化场所利用文化传播与传承的创新科技因素的干预,会为学生群体的导向性阅读提供可能。     

Functional Metagenomics to Mine Soil Microbiome for Novel Cadmium Resistance Genetic Determinants

Metal resistance genes are valuable resources for genetic engineering of bioremediation tools. In this study, novel genetic determinants involved in cadmium (Cd) resistance were identified using a small-insert metagenomic DNA library constructed from an arable soil microbiome. A total of 16 recombinant plasmids harboring 49 putative open reading frames (ORFs) were found to be associated with enhanced Cd tolerance. In addition to several ORFs for ion transport/chelation and stress response, most ORFs were assumed to be associated with non-direct metal resistance mechanisms such as energy metabolism, protein/amino acid metabolism, carbohydrate/fatty acid metabolism, and signal transduction. Furthermore, 13 ORFs from five clones selected at random were cloned and subject to Cd resistance assay. Eight of these ORFs were positive for Cd resistance when expressed in Escherichia coli, among which four ORFs significantly reduced Cd accumulation and one increased Cd enrichment of the host cells. Notably, C1-ORF1, potentially encoding a histidine kinase-like adenosine triphosphatase, was the most effective Cd resistance determinant and reduced host Cd accumulation by 33.9%. These findings highlight the vast capacity of soil microbiome as a source of gene pool for bioengineering. The novel genetic determinants for Cd resistance identified in this study merit further systematic explorations into their molecular mechanisms.     

Partitioning characteristics of PAHs between sediment and water in a shallow lake

Goal, Scope and Background

Distribution of hydrophobic organic contaminants in abiotic compartments is essential for describing their transfer and fate in aquatic ecosystems. Taihu Lake is the third largest freshwater lake in China. Water quality of Taihu Lake has deteriorated greatly during the last decades and has threatened the water supply. The aim of the present study was to investigate the partitioning of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) among overlying water, suspended particulate matter (SPM), sediments, and pore water in Meiliang Bay, Taihu Lake and to provide useful information for the ecological engineering in this area.

Materials and Methods

Overlying water and surface sediment were sampled from six sites in Meiliang Bay, Taihu Lake, China. Within 72 h of sampling, sediments were centrifuged to obtain the pore water. Overlying water samples were filtered to separate dissolved and SPM samples. After extraction, samples were purified following a clean-up procedure. PAH fraction was obtained by elution with a mixture of hexane: DCM (7:3, V/V) and analyzed by GC/MS.

Results

PAHs concentrations in overlying water varied from 37.5 ng/L to 183.5 ng/L. Concentrations of PAHs in pore water were higher than those in overlying water. The total concentrations of 16 priority PAHs in sediments ranged from 2091.8 ng/g-dw to 4094.4 ng/g-dw. PAHs concentrations on SPM were decreased with suspended solid concentrations (SSC). Total PAHs concentrations on SPM varied in the range of 3369.6 ng/g-dw to 7531.1 ng/g-dw. The partition coefficients between sediment and overlying water (log K _oc) for PAHs with log K _ow<5 were positively correlated with their octanol-water partition coefficients (log K _ow) (n=39, r=0.79, p<0.0001). Partition coefficients between sediment and pore water (log K _oc′) for all PAHs were also significantly correlated with their log K _ow values (n=48, r=0.82, p<0.0001).

Discussion

In general, PAHs derived from combustion sources tend to bind strongly to soot particles in natural sediment. Consequentially, K _oc values observed in the natural environment could be orders of magnitude higher than those predicted by linear correlation relationships under laboratory conditions. In the present study, the ratio of log K _oc values to log K _ow values falls consistently above 1, indicating that the sediment soot carbon in the bay was more attractive for PAHs than n-octanol. The log K _oc′ was also higher than that predicted under laboratory conditions, suggesting that the measured pore water PAH concentrations were lower than those predicted. That is to say, not all the sediment PAHs can be available to partition rapidly into sediment pore waters. A variation in soot content is a possible reason. Furthermore, concentrations of PAHs on SPM were higher than those in sediments. The compositions of PAHs on SPM and in sediments were similar, indicating the importance of re-suspension process of sediments in the partitioning process of the shallow lake.

Conclusions

The results indicated the equilibrium partitioning model could be used to predict PAHs distribution in various phases of a shallow lake in the stagnation period, but re-suspension processes should be considered to modify the relationship between log K _ocs and log K _ows.

Recommendations and Perspectives

Concentration, particle size and composition of resuspended particles could affect the relationship between log K _ocs and log K _ows. Further work should be done under field conditions, especially where a steady thermodynamic equilibrium state could be assumed.

     

广义协调三角形扁壳元

三角形曲面壳元在单元交界处的切线是连续的,能更真实地反映结构的几何形状,本文利用广义协调三角形板单元ＴＧＣ－９的法向位移场与三角形线性膜元位移场相结合,通过假设膜应变的方法构造了一个广义协调三角形扁壳元,数值算例表明该单元具有精度高且收敛快的优点。