Above and Below Ground Measurements of Greenhouse Gases from Swine Effluent Amended Soil

Abstract

As a means of economic disposal and to reduce need for chemical fertilizer, waste generated from swine production is often applied to agricultural land. However, there remain many environmental concerns about this practice. Two such concerns, contribution to the greenhouse effect and stratospheric ozone depletion by gases emitted from waste‐amended soils, have not been thoroughly investigated. An intact core study at Auburn University (32 36′N, 85 36′W) was conducted to determine the source‐sink relationship of three greenhouse gases in three Alabama soils (Black Belt, Coastal Plain, and Appalachian Plateau regions) amended with swine waste effluent. Soil cores were arranged in a completely random design, and treatments used for each soil type consisted of a control, a swine effluent amendment (112 kg N ha^?1), and an ammonium nitrate (NH₄NO₃) fertilizer amendment (112 kg N ha^?1). During a 2‐year period, a closed‐chamber technique was used to determine rates of emission of nitrous oxide (N₂O)–nitrogen (N), carbon dioxide (CO₂)–carbon (C), and methane (CH₄)–C from the soil surface. Gas probes inserted into the soil cores were used to determine concentrations of N₂O‐N and CO₂‐C from depths of 5, 15, and 25 cm. Soil water was collected from each depth using microlysimeters at the time of gas collection to determine soil‐solution N status. Application of swine effluent had an immediate effect on emissions of N₂O‐N, CO₂‐C, and CH₄‐C from all soil textures. However, greatest cumulative emissions and highest peak rates of emission of all three trace gases, directly following effluent applications, were most commonly observed from sandier textured Coastal Plain and Appalachian Plateau soils, as compared to heavier textured Black Belt soil. When considering greenhouse gas emission potential, soil type should be a determining factor for selection of swine effluent waste disposal sites in Alabama.     

醚菊酯原药的气相色谱分析方法研究

本文介绍了醚菊酯原药的气相色谱定量分析方法；柱温245℃，选用3%OV-101为固定液的填充柱，以邻苯二甲酸二异辛酯为内标物对醚菊酯原药的测定方法，该方法的变异系数为0.34%，回收率为100.98%，线性相关系数r=0.9999。     

“难分离有机磷杀虫剂对”的毛细管气相色谱法分析研究

研究了用3种大口径毛细管柱分析由有机磷杀虫剂组成的“难分离有机磷对”。HP－1大口径毛细管柱只能分离由甲基对硫磷和其它有机磷杀虫剂组成的“有机磷对”；QF－1大口径毛细管柱能够分离部分“有机磷对”；阿皮松L固定液大口径毛细管柱能完全分离马拉硫磷和水胺硫磷组成的“有机磷对”。     

二氯菊酸光学纯度的毛细管气相色谱法测定研究

使用以 2 ,6 -二 -O-戊基 - 3-O-丁酰基 -β-环糊精作手性固定相制成的毛细管手性柱 ,用气相色谱法在 120℃成功地分离了外消旋二氯菊酸甲酯对映体 ,其中对顺、反外消旋二氯菊酸甲酯对映体的手性分离因子分别达到 1.03和 1.04 ,均大于测定光学纯度 (e.e.% )值所要求的 1.02。测定了 4种手性二氯菊酸甲酯的光学纯度 ,方法简便易行 ,可用于二氯菊酸的光学纯度测定     

涩宁兰输气管道工程进度控制

运用项目工程的控制理论，结合国内管道工程建设的经验，创建了涩宁兰管道工程建设管理模式，从对材料的采办、发放、现场调拔到对进度数据统计分析、预测及计划执行情况进行分析，及时、合理地调配资源，确保月计划的完成，以实现工期控制目标。     

饲料中有机氯农药残留检测方法的研究

本实验建立了饲料中有机氯农药(OCPs)残留的气相色谱-微池电子捕获检测器(GC-μECD)分析方法。试样经丙酮提取,硅胶层析柱净化后,用GC-μECD测定其中农药残留量。有机氯农药浓度在5.00～500.00ng/mLp,p’-DDD相关系数除为0.9960外,其余均大于0.998,线性关系良好;检测限除o,p’-DDT和p,p’-DDT为10μg/kg外,其余农药为5μg/kg;添加有机氯农药50μg/kg水平时回收率为77.1%～113.4%,添加200μg/kg时回收率为75.8%～107.3%;相对标准偏差为2.3%～11.1%。本方法对饲料中有机氯农药残留分析结果准确可靠。     

Voluntary intake of silages in dairy cows depending on chemical composition and in vitro gas production characteristics

A study was conducted to investigate the possibilities to develop models for predicting the relative silage dry matter intake (SDMI) in dairy cows utilising information on chemical composition and in vitro gas production (GP) kinetics of silages. In five experiments, each with an average of 38 lactating dairy cows, SDMI was recorded for 15 grass silages made from primary growth and regrowth swards of timothy (Phleum pratense L.). The silages were characterised by chemical analysis and by utilising an automated in vitro GP recording technique with end point measurements of substrate residues. The silage samples were analysed both as dried and wet samples to evaluate the effects of sample preparation techniques on GP kinetics and their relations to SDMI. Relationships between feed variables and SDMI were investigated utilising simple linear and multiple regression. The wet silage samples had higher cumulative GP and different GP curves compared to the dried samples. The linear relationships between, GP variables, harvest number (first or second cut) of the grass, chemical characteristics of the silages and the relative SDMI show that the GP technique is a powerful tool to detect silage quality. By using the parameters from the dried samples the multiple regression analysis resulted in a relationship, relative SDMI (kg per 100 kg live weight (LW)) per day = 0.071 + 0.0029 × NDFD − 0.266 × C (R² = 0.82, S.D. = 0.06). NDFD is the degradability of the neutral detergent fibre (NDF) (g/kg NDF) and C is the variable that regulates the switching characteristics of the GP profiles. By using the wet silage samples the multiple relationship did not include any GP variable; relative SDMI (kg per 100 kg LW per day) = 1.86 − 0.008 × acetic acid (g/kg DM) + 0.024 × ethanol (g/kg DM) (R² = 0.62, S.D. = 0.08). The results from the regression analysis and the experience of the laborious sample preparation technique for wet samples, give the conclusion that dried silage samples are recommended for determining feed characteristics using the GP technique in intake studies.     

甲醛处理豆粕对蛋白质瘤胃降解及活体外瘤胃发酵的影响

通过尼龙袋试验和产气量试验研究甲醛处理大豆粕对瘤胃蛋白质降解率、产气量和活体外瘤胃发酵参数的影响。3个处理分别为对照组、处理Ⅰ和处理Ⅱ,其中处理Ⅰ、处理Ⅱ的甲醛添加量分别占大豆粕粗蛋白质(CP)0.6%和1.2%。研究结果表明:与对照组相比,处理Ⅰ和处理Ⅱ的干物质及蛋白质的降解率及降解速度显著下降(P<0.001),快速降解组分的比例和有效降解率显著下降,慢速降解组分比例显著提高(P<0.001),但两处理组之间干物质降解速度和蛋白质慢速降解组分比例均无显著差异(P>0.05)。与对照组相比,处理Ⅰ与处理Ⅱ的72h产气量和理论最大产气量均显著升高(P<0.001),而产气速度显著降低(P<0.005);甲醛处理对活体外瘤胃72h发酵的pH值、NH3-N浓度没有显著影响(P>0.05),但发酵液中丙酸摩尔比例显著上升(P<0.05),从而导致乙酸/丙酸降低。两个处理组活体外24h发酵液中甲醛浓度分别为0.994μg/mL和0.370μg/mL;而72h发酵液中甲醛浓度分别为0.410μg/mL和0.141μg/mL。本试验结论:甲醛处理能有效降低蛋白质在瘤胃内的降解率,并改善活体外发酵参数,其中甲醛添加量以占0.6%CP的处理更为有效。     

中链脂肪酸对体外发酵甲烷产量的影响

利用人工瘤胃体外产气法研究不同精粗比(0:1和1:1)日粮类型时中链脂肪酸对甲烷产量的影响。结果显示,体外培养24h,添加脂肪酸对甲烷产量的抑制作用不受日粮类型的影响(P>0.05);与不添加酸的对照相比,添加50mg未酯化月桂酸(C12:0)及月桂酸和肉豆蔻酸(C14:0)以3:2的比例组成的混合物(50mg)可分别抑制甲烷产量的22.2%(P<0.01)和11.8%(P<0.05);添加50 mg未酯化C14:0使甲烷产量降低3.4%(P>0.05);不同日粮类型上饲料产气量、瘤胃液pH值和氨氮浓度差异显著(P<0.01)。     

补充青贮玉米对复合稻草块体外发酵特性的影响

应用体外发酵产气技术,研究了青贮玉米以不同比例(0%～100%)替代复合稻草块中稻草对其体外发酵特性的影响。结果表明:随着青贮玉米比例的升高,复合稻草块的24h产气量、产气速度常数、有机物消化率、代谢能呈逐渐上升的趋势(P<0.05)。替代比例低于40%时24h产气量组合效应不显著(P>0.05),替代比例高于40%后出现逐渐增大的正组合效应,当替代比例为50%时,正组合效应值(9.68)显著增加(P<0.05),以后变动幅度不大。综上可见,用青贮玉米替代复合稻草块中40%以上的稻草较为适宜,当替代比例为50%时,就可获得较好的消化率。