Deciduous trees affect small-scale floristic diversity and tree regeneration in conifer forests

Abstract

There is a growing interest in the effects of deciduous trees on biodiversity, soil processes and long-term productivity in boreal, conifer-dominated forests. This study investigated whether individual birch trees allowed to grow to maturity in the coniferous forest can have a local effect on floristic richness and regeneration of tree saplings. The ground vegetation was compared in 2?m radius plots around the stem under the canopies of matched conifer–deciduous trees in a mature, conifer-dominated forest, and included in the analysis variables that could potentially mediate the tree effect (soil pH, cover of lichens, bryophytes, leaf and needle litter). The field layer vegetation was more species rich under birch (Betula pendula and B. pubescens) than under conifers (Picea abies and Pinus sylvestris), and several vascular plant species (including saplings of tree species) occurred more often under birch than under conifers. However, when the effect of the number of subordinate trees was taken into account the difference between birch and pine was not significant. The number of tree regenerations (saplings) was lowest under pines, but did not differ between spruce and birch. There were no effects of the canopy species on soil pH or on cover of lichens and bryophytes. The difference in diversity may be caused by the different effects of leaf and needle litter, and it is also likely that canopy structure has an influence via interception and throughfall and by affecting the light and microclimate.     

圣诞树组培苗移植试验

运用正交试验的方法研究不同炼苗时间、遮阳网遮光率、基质以及不同移植月份对圣诞树组培苗移植效果的影响.结果表明,炼苗时间为10 d、遮阳网遮光率为70%、基质为泥炭土:黄心土(2∶1)、移植月份为4月的处理圣诞树移植效果最好,成活率可达97.2%,苗高达11.1 cm.     

遮阴处理对华北落叶松幼苗生长的影响

对2年生落叶松幼苗进行不同的遮阴处理,测定华北落叶松叶片内可溶性糖、蛋白质、叶绿素的含量,结果表明：伴随着遮阴程度的增加,可溶性糖与蛋白质含量相应减少。与此同时,为了保护光合作用的正常进行,叶绿素b的含量逐渐增多。华北落叶松幼苗在生长过程中需要充足的光照,但适度的遮阴可促进光合作用的高效进行。     

武汉地区三角梅遮光催花试验研究

本试验以1～3 a生的三角梅盆花为试材,以遮光处理为研究手段进行武汉地区三角梅花期调控试验探索,结果表明:在20～30℃的温度条件下,用栽培地布对三角梅进行连续遮光处理20 d,能完成稳定的花芽分化,继续遮光25 d可开花,并在此期间将腐熟的有机肥上清液稀释10倍灌根代替浇水能有效促进三角梅开花。     

遮阴对基质育苗裸苗移栽棉花苗期生长的影响

 通过不同程度的遮光处理来研究基质育苗移栽棉花苗期生长发育的变化,结果表明：在缓苗期内不同遮光处理对叶片可溶性糖和淀粉含量影响较大,缓苗期过后4个处理二者变化趋势基本一致,但是各个处理间存在一定差异;SOD酶和POD酶活性均呈现先增加后下降然后趋于稳定,不遮光处理2种酶活性要高于遮光处理;缓苗期过后,遮光处理的单株叶面积、鲜物质质量、干物质质量、株高均高于对照,本试验中以遮光2层效果最好。说明一定程度的苗期遮阴可以缓解基质育苗移栽棉花所处的相对逆境,有利于棉苗生长发育。     

Rehabilitating Abandoned Pastures in Panama: Control of the Invasive Exotic Grass,Saccharum spontaneum L., Using Artificial Shade Treatments

ABSTRACT

The exotic grass, Saccharum spontaneum L., has invaded abandoned agricultural lands in the Panama Canal Watershed for decades. The grass aggressively competes with regenerating tree seedlings preventing natural forest regeneration. To estimate effectual light level for controlling the grass, the growth of S. spontaneum was measured under a range of artificial shading conditions. Five shade treatment subplots–light intensities of 100% (full sunlight), 50, 25, 15, and 5%–were established at each of eight plots in land adjacent to the Panama Canal Watershed. Each site was cleared of S. spontaneum and then the regrowth was harvested. The regrowth of the grass was harvested and measured four times every one and half months for six months. The biomass of S. spontaneum was significantly less in lower light conditions than in full sunlight. The results showed that comparing growth of the grass at each harvest date, except for the first harvest date, there were significant differences between full sunlight and light intensities of 5, 15 and 25%. When compared by different harvest dates for each light level, only full sunlight showed a significant difference in biomass of the grass. The study demonstrates that shading is an effective method for controlling S. spontaneum. The results can be applied to developing reforestation strategies for abandoned lands occupied by S. spontaneum.     

Response of Osmotic Regulation Substance Content and Protective Enzyme Activities to Shading in Leaves of Different Rice Genotypes

Effects of shading at the flowering and grain filling stages on osmotic regulation substance content and protective enzyme activities in the leaves of different rice genotypes (e.g.,IIyou 498,Gangyou 188,Dexiang 4103,Gangyou 527 and Chuanxiang 9838) were investigated.The results showed that the malondialdehyde content of Gangyou 188 significantly increased under shading,whereas those of IIyou 498,Dexiang 4103,Gangyou 527 and Chuanxiang 9838 showed no significant differences compared to the control.The soluble sugar content significantly decreased in IIyou 498,Gangyou 188,Dexiang 4103 and Chuanxiang 9838,whereas it did not significantly increase in Gangyou 527 under the weak light conditions (shading).Moreover,the soluble protein content in the leaves of different genotypes tended to decrease under shading.Further,the protective enzyme activities in the leaves varied in different rice genotypes under the shading treatment.Based on the osmotic regulation substance content and the protective enzyme activities in the leaves of different rice genotypes,it was concluded that Gangyou 188 and Gangyou 527 had strong abilities to adapt to the low light conditions.In addition,the mechanism of damage to rice leaves in different genotypes under shading was discussed.     

遮阴对南疆冬小麦光合特性和产量的影响

【目的】在小麦生长中后期,采用人工模拟核桃、杏、红枣三种果树不同程度遮阴条件下,研究分析不同遮阴处理对小麦光合特性、干物质积累及分配和产量的影响,为新疆南疆果树-小麦间作模式下小麦高产栽培管理提供理论依据。【方法】供试冬小麦品种为新冬20号,遮阴处理设置4个水平,S1:拔节期遮阴10%-抽穗期遮阴25%,S2:拔节期遮阴20%-抽穗期遮阴50%,S3:拔节期遮阴30%-抽穗期遮阴75%,S0:不遮阴。遮阴均从小麦拔节期至成熟期。【结果】小麦扬花期随着遮阴幅度的增大,小麦旗叶光合速率显著降低;灌浆期轻度遮阴Pn与对照无明显差异,但显著高于S2和S3处理;蒸腾速率和气孔导度均随着遮阴幅度的增大而降低,胞间CO₂浓度随着遮阴幅度的增大而增大。随着遮阴幅度的增大总干物质积累量和向籽粒的分配均呈降低趋势,干物质向籽粒的分配率分别降低9.5%、24.2%和27.7%;收获穗数、千粒重、产量和经济系数均随着遮阴幅度的增大而显著降低,而轻度遮阴对穗粒数的影响不明显。随着遮阴幅度的增大,产量和经济系数分别降低22.%、42.9%、67.8%和 8.9%、23.8%、27.6%。【结论】随着遮阴幅度的增加,小麦光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度降低,胞间CO₂浓度升高,总干物质积累量和向籽粒的分配比例降低,轻度遮阴收获穗数和千粒重降低,中度和重度遮阴产量三要素均显著降低,导致产量和经济系数显著降低。     

幼穗分化期氮肥用量降低水稻遮光减产效应研究

【目的】探讨水稻幼穗分化期氮肥用量对遮光导致的水稻减产效应的作用,为水稻遭遇寡照稳产 栽培提供理论依据。【方法】以超级稻品种桂农占为试验材料,幼穗分化期氮肥用量 0 k g/hm2（N0）、22.5 kg/ hm2（N1）、37.5 kg/hm2（N2）和 52.5 kg/hm2（N3）为主区,幼穗分化二期至成熟期不遮光（S0）、幼穗分化二 期至齐穗期遮光（S1）、齐穗期至成熟期遮光（S2）、幼穗分化二期至成熟期遮光（S3）为副区,进行大田裂 区试验,研究幼穗分化期氮肥不同用量与幼穗分化后不同遮光时间对水稻生育进程、茎蘖特征、产量及其构成 的影响。【结果】不同氮肥水平下,水稻产量均表现为处理 S0 ＞ S1 ＞ S2 ＞ S3。相较于 S0,处理 S1、S2 和 S3 分别减产 32.0%、52.7%、67.8%,且差异显著;增施氮肥降低了遮光导致的减产幅度,在 S1、S2、S3 处理下, 处理 N2 和 N3 水稻产量较 N1 分别提高 3.9% 和 4.3%、4.4% 和 6.8%、0.9% 和 3.1%;同时分析发现增施氮肥延 长了遮光处理下水稻的籽粒灌浆期,减少了成穗率、有效穗数、实粒数和千粒重的降低幅度。【结论】增施穗 肥氮素用量可延长幼穗分化期后遭遇寡照水稻的籽粒灌浆期,降低遮光对水稻产量及构成因素的影响,在一定 程度上降低遮光导致的水稻减产效应。其中增施氮肥对 S2 处理的稳产效果最好,其次为 S1。     

Productivity and nutritive value of Brachiaria decumbens and performance of dairy heifers in a long‐term silvopastoral system

Silvopastoral system (SPS) has been suggested to ensure sustainability in animal production systems in tropical ecosystems. The objective of this study was to evaluate the productive and nutritive value traits of Brachiaria decumbens and performance of dairy heifers in SPS and open pasture (OP) during the summer and autumn of two consecutive years in the SPS and OP (17th and 18th years after establishment). Experimental design was a randomized complete block with two treatments (SPS and OP) and three replications in subdivided plots with repeated measures in time. There was reduction in the tiller population density, total and green forage mass, and total and green forage bulk density in the SPS when compared to the OP in the summer. In the autumn, no difference was observed between the systems. Shading in SPS increased crude protein content of the grass pasture by 25% and 33% when compared to the OP during the first and second experimental years, respectively, and reduced neutral detergent fibre content. However, it did not change acid detergent fibre or lignin content. OP provided higher stocking rate and weight gain per area than the SPS. Average daily gain was higher in the OP in the second experimental year. Severe shading conditions should be avoided, because in the long ‐ term they may threaten the persistence and sustainability of pasture in the SPS. It is recommended to plant a low density of trees or implement management strategies of the tree component by either thinning or pruning over the years after planting.