天然绿色棉与海岛棉远缘杂交研究初报

用天然绿色棉GC1011（Gossypium hirsutum L.）和白色海岛棉324（Gossypium barbadense L.）配置杂交组合,F1各单株之间性状稳定一致,F2疯狂分离,经5年连续选择,获得了四个较稳定的杂种新品系,即G324-1、G324-6、324-15和324-24,其纤维品质优良,纤维天然绿色。纤维长度、衣分、及籽棉产量都比GC1011有所提高,其纤维长度分别为28.3mm、27.8mm、28.5mm、28.1mm,衣分分别为25.5%、25.2%、25.8%和28.4%,平均籽棉每公顷产量分别为4962kg、4936.5 kg、4929kg、和4956 kg,均超过了绿色棉亲本GC1011,并具有较强的抗枯萎病和抗蚜虫能力,可以在生产上推广应用。     

Relevance of sexual polyploidization for crop improvement – A review

Colchicine induced polyploids have not directly contributed for crop improvement in the past. On the other hand, the so-called natural polyploids, derived from the functioning of numerically unreduced(2n) gametes have been shown to be more relevant for crop improvement in many cases. Different types of cytological abnormalities during meiosis can give rise to 2n gametes and the genetic composition of these gametes is variable. Depending on the type meiotic abnormalities, various types of 2ngametes, such as first division restitution(FDR), second division restitution (SDR),indeterminate meiotic restitution (IMR) and post meiotic restitution (PMR) gametes,among others, have been described in recent years. For the improvement of autopolyploids such as potato, alfalfa,Vaccinium spp., and some of the fodder grasses, FDR gametes have been proved to be highly useful. However, the use of 2n gametes for the improvement of allopolyploid crops has received much less attention so far. Some of the investigations on allopolyploids, derived from Festuca-Lolium, Alstroemeria and Lilium species hybrids, have revealed that 2ngametes can be most useful for the introgression of alien genes and chromosomes into cultivars. An important feature of using sexual polyploidization in the case of allopolyploids is that introgression can be achieved through recombination due to genetic crossing-over between alien chromosomes as well as addition of alien chromosomes, which is extremely difficult or impossible to achieve in the case of colchicine induced allopolyploids. Because of the recent developments in the field of plant molecular biology, methods have become available for the analysis of 2ngametes and sexual polyploid progenies more accurately and to develop systematic breeding approaches. The methods include DNA in situ hybridization (GISH and FISH)and molecular mapping (AFLP, RFLP, RAPDs).In addition to providing basic information on the genetic and genome composition of the polyploid progenies, these methods can be potentially useful for a more efficient creation of desirable breeding material and cultivars. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Intraspecific hybridization in Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis I. Performance for growth and form traits

Inter-provenance hybrids of Pinuscaribaea var. hondurensis wereprogeny tested in Queensland, Australia inorder to assess the feasibility ofincorporating some desirable traits intothe local breeding population, consistinglargely of a single upland provenanceMountain Pine Ridge (MPR). Data onphenotypic traits up to seven years fromplanting revealed that an inter-provenancehybrid, MPR × coastal had greater diameter,straightness and wind-firmness, and fewerramicorns than the MPR control provenance.The data were mostly consistent for twowidely separated sites, and also whenpooled across those sites (p <0.05). In addition, hybrid vigor for treevolume was apparent (p < 0.05).Trees of coastal × Guanaja Island, and purecoastal provenances were as large as thoseof the MPR provenance but had fewerramicorns. Even though the coastal ×Guanaja provenance seemed to produce treesthat were more crooked than the MPRprovenance, there was evidence at leastwithin one site to suggest that the hybridtrees were superior in terms ofwind-firmness (p < 0.01). Breedingfor hybrid vigor and pedigree selection ofthe priority hybrid, MPR × coastal aresuggested as future measures. Pureprovenance populations of coastal andGuanaja island are to be bred as sublinesto the MPR breeding population for futureuse in inter-provenance hybridization andfor gene conservation.     

Interspecific hybridization between Cicer arietinum and C. pinnatifidum

An interspecific hybrid between Cicer arietinum cv. GL 769 and a wild species C. pinnatifidum was obtained after emasculation, pollination and application of growth regulators. Ovules were cultured and embryos were later dissected to obtain hybrid plants. These plants were albinos and morphologically resembled C. pinnatifidum. Shrivelled seeds were also obtained in 2% of the crosses, which on germination gave rise to albino plants. These plants did not survive beyond 20 days. The hybrid nature of these plants was confirmed by esterase isozyme studies. Hybrid shoots obtained from germinating embryos were cultured on modified ML-6 medium with BAP 2 mg/1, IAA 0.5 mg/1, where they turned green after 3–4 weeks. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) studies on leaf sections from green hybrid shoots showed an improvement in the chloroplast structure, with better organized grana.     

Production of hybrids between Cajanus acutifolius and C. cajan

There are many wild species of pigeonpea which are endemic to Australia. These wild species are cross incompatible with cultivated species of Indian origin. Cajanus acutifolius is one such species which does not easily cross with cultivated pigeonpea. Interspecific pollinations lead to hybrid seeds which were semi-shrivelled. Very few seeds germinated to give rise to F1 plants. Backcrossing the hybrid plants to C. cajan, the male parent, gave rise to aborting seeds which did not germinate in vivo hence BC1 plants are obtained after saving the aborting embryos in vitro. BC₁ plants showed normal meiotic pairing, but had low pollen fertility. The reasons for embryo abortion and low pollen fertility in spite of normal meiosis could be due to the effect of wild species cytoplasm. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Identifying the alien chromosomes in wheat – Leymus multicaulis derivatives using GISH and RFLP techniques

Genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) were used to identify the Leymus multicaulis (XXNN, 2n = 28) chromosomes in wheat-L. muliticaulis derivatives. Fifteen lines containing L. multicaulis alien chromosomes or chromosomal fragments were identified. All alien chromosomes or fragments in these 15 lines were from the X genome and none were from the N genome. Eleven L. multicaulis disomic addition lines and four translocation-addition lines were identified with chromosome rearrangements among homoeologous groups 2, 3, 6 and 7. Only homoeologous group 1 lacked rearrangements in addition or translocation chromosomes. The results revealed that translocation in non-homoeologous chromosomes widely exists in the Triticeae and therefore it is necessary to identify the alien chromosomes (segments) in a wheat background using these combined techniques. During the course of the work, probe PSR112, was found to detect X genome addition lines involving L. multicaulischromosomes. This may prove to be a valuable probe for the identification of alien chromosomes in a wheat background. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

C-banded karyotypes and meiotic abnormalities in germplasm derived from interploidy crosses in Avena

C-banded karyotypes of somatic chromosomes and meiotic abnormalities were investigated in four crown rust resistant lines derived from interploidy crosses in Avena.C-banding revealed that line N770-165-2-1 contained a 6C/21translocation while line DCS1789 contained a pair of A. strigosa chromosomes substituted for A. sativachromosome 12. Line JR2-3-3-B contained both the 6C/21 translocation and the pair of substituted A. strigosachromosomes, but line MAM17-4 contained neither. Although meiotic irregularities, including mispositioned bivalents, occurred in all four lines and in their F₁ hybrids with A. sativa, the percentages of normal meiosis ranged from 75.4 to 88.6%. This allowed for stability of line performance and for their use as breeding stocks. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Interspecific hybridization between Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. and V. vexillata (L.) A. Rich. through in vitro embryo culture

Immature embryos resulting from the cross V. vexillata × V. unguiculata were cultured on MS medium supplemented with 2,4-D (2 mg/l) and resulted in embryogenic calli. Thirteen hybrid regenerants were obtained via organogenesis by subculturing the calli on MS medium supplemented with BAP (2 mg/l) + adenine sulphate (40 mg/l) + CH (500 mg/l) + cowpea tender pod extract (10%). The interspecific regenerants showed intermediate morphological traits between the parents for leaf shape, pod colour and seed coat colour. The hybrid plants inherited stem, leaf and pod hairiness of the wild species which could serve as a mechanical barrier against viral vectors. Electrophoretic studies of two isozyme systems, peroxidase and esterase, also confirms the hybrid nature of the regenerants as they expressed unique bands of both parents. Cytological study of the meiotic chromosomes revealed high frequency of univalent formation in the hybrids suggesting that the genomes of the parental species are structurally differentiated. The hybrid regenerants exhibited high enzyme activity for three enzymes viz., peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase and phenyl alanine ammonia lyase over the cultivated parent which may be useful in conferring resistance against viral pathogens. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Moricandia arvensis cytoplasm based system of cytoplasmic male sterility in Brassica juncea: Reappraisal of fertility restoration and agronomic potential

Cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) system based on the cytoplasm from Moricandia arvensis (mori) was investigated for fertility restoration and agronomic potential. Fertility restorer gene for mori CMS was introgressed from cytoplasm donor species as all the evaluated Brassica juncea genotypes (155) acted as sterility maintainers. The allosyndetic pairing between M^a and the A/B genome chromosomes in the monosomic addition plants (2n= 18II + 1M^a) facilitated the gene introgression. Partial fertility restoration (43–52% pollen grain stainability) in F₁ hybrids and absence of segregation for male sterility in F₂ progenies suggested gametophytic control of fertility restoration. The pollen fertility in the F₁ hybrids was, however, sufficient to ensure complete seed set upon bag selfing. Introgression from M. arvensis also helped in correction of chlorosis associated with mori cytoplasm in CMS and fertile alloplasmic B. juncea plants. Yield evaluation of thirty F₁ hybrids having the same nuclear genotype but varied male sterilizing cytoplasms (mori, oxy, lyr, refined ogu), in comparison to respective euplasmic hand bred control hybrids, allowed an estimate of yield penalty associated with different CMS systems. It ranged from 1.8% to 61.6%. Hybrids based on cytoplasmically refined ogu were most productive followed by those based on cytoplasmically refined mori CMS. The male sterility systems emanating from somatic hybridization were found superior than those developed from sexual hybridization.     

甘薯近缘野生种Ipomoea trifida(4x) GISH分析

以甘薯近缘野生种I. trifida (2x)为探针, 与I. trifida (4x) 2个株系“695104”和“697288”的体细胞染色体进行基因组荧光原位杂交, 结果显示, 2株系都与I. trifida (2x)有很近的亲缘关系, 但2株系的信号存在差异。“695104”几乎所有染色体整条都有均匀明亮的信号, 应为I. trifida (2x)基因组直接加倍而来;而 “697288”与“695104”不同, 虽然各条染色体也均有杂交信号, 但信号的区域与亮度有差异, 较为复杂, 可分为三种情况。第1种是整条染色体有均匀明亮的信号, 亮度与分布区域同“695104” , 有41条;第2种是几乎整条染色体有信号, 但亮度较第一种暗, 有14条;第3种为染色体部分区域有信号, 亮度较前二者更暗, 有5条。推测 “697288”是在加倍同时或之后又发生了基因组重组与部分变异。