2012/2013渔季CAMLR 48区南极磷虾(Euphausia superba)资源时空分布

根据2013年1–9月辽宁远洋渔业有限公司“福荣海”轮南极磷虾拖网调查数据,以3n mile/h拖曳获得的产量作为CPUE指标,对南极磷虾资源时空分布进行了分析。结果显示,1–6月的月均CPUE值相对稳定,7–9月逐月下降。各渔区中平均CPUE值以48.1区最高,为(25.12±31.04) t/h;48.3区最低,为(11.49±12.06) t/h;CPUE值的波动幅度48.1区大于48.2和48.3区。48.1区的南极磷虾群主要分布于0 –100 m水层,CPUE值以25–50 m水层为最高;48.2区虾群主要分布于50–150 m水层,CPUE值以100–150 m水层最高;48.3区虾群主要分布于100–250 m水层,CPUE值以200– 250 m水层最高。海底深度<500 m的近岸海域是磷虾主要集群分布区和商业捕捞渔场,以水深<250 m的浅水区渔场虾群密度最大,平均CPUE值为(17.54±35.26) t/h,水深250–1500 m的深水区渔场平均CPUE值变化较小,在12.0–14.0 t/h之间波动,但水深>1500 m时,平均CPUE值降到(9.62±9.54) t/h。作业渔场的表温SST主要集中在－1–2℃,当SST为－1–0℃时,平均CPUE值最高。探捕调查发现了5个主要的磷虾集群,集群时间可达30 d以上,但集群密度随时间发生变化。调查结果可为研究南极磷虾渔场形成机制和渔业管理提供基础数据,并为商业捕捞提供参考。     

抗球虫药新剂型的制备与研究

采用固体分散技术,利用溶剂法,以处方比例马度米星铵:聚维酮(聚乙烯吡咯烷酮,PVPk30)分别为1:1、1:2、1:3制备了3个马度米星铵固体分散体,通过差示扫描量热法(DSC)分析鉴定,当马度米星铵与PVP k30的比例为1:3时马度米星铵的药物特征吸热峰消失,说明固体分散体制备成功。对药物进行体外累积溶出度研究,结果马度米星铵固体分散体在60 min内体外累积溶出度可达98.46%,比马度米星铵预混剂的2.57%提高了38倍多。抗球虫效果研究表明,马度米星铵固体分散体的抗球虫指数(ACI)为197.7,明显高于ACI为191.8的马度米星铵预混剂。     

Suitability of foliar N applied to rainfed maize in permanent beds after 12 crop seasons of granular N application

Abstract

Yield and kernel quality of rainfed maize as affected by N fertilizer has been generally evaluated through the application of granular N sources at high rates. The purpose of this work was to estimate the response of maize yield and quality (kernel hardness—floating index, weight and test weight -, P uptake and protein) to foliar N application and preceding granular N. Data for this report were collected in 2014 and 2015 in a long-term experiment established in 2002 under permanent beds in a split plot arrangement. Main plot treatments were three foliar N rates (0, 4.5 and 9?kg ha^?1) laid out on the top of four preceding granular N rates (0, 20, 40 and 60?kg ha^?1) applied from 2002 to 2013 as subplots. Weather conditions were relatively wetter in 2014 than 2015. In 2014, test weight and floating index improved over that in 2015. Foliar application of 9?kg N ha^?1 enhanced yield and protein. In 2014, yield response to preceding N rates showed an increasing trend whereas in 2015 response was null. Kernel P uptake response to preceding N rates showed a differential reaction among foliar N rates; 9?kg ha^?1 showed the greatest uptake. Kernel floating index was associated to kernel P uptake. Apparently, this relationship has not been previously reported. Results suggests that the application of 9?kg N ha^?1 to foliage of rainfed maize grown in permanent beds has the potential to substitute the traditional fertilization practice of granular N sources.     

Legume–barley intercropping stimulates soil N supply and crop yield in the succeeding durum wheat in a rotation under rainfed conditions

Legume–cereal intercropping is increasingly being appreciated in dryland areas, where severe climatic conditions and intensive agricultural practices, generally dominated by continuous cereal cultivation, determine depletion of soil nutrient resources and decline of soil fertility. This research aimed to assess whether and to what extent a newly introduced legume-based intercropping system is able to ameliorate the biological fertility status of an arable soil in a way that is still noticeable during the succeeding durum wheat cropping season in terms of changes in bacterial community structure, soil C and N pools, and crop yield. A field experiment was carried out under rainfed conditions in Southern Italy on a sandy clay loam soil cultivated with durum wheat following in the rotation a recently established grain legume (pea, faba bean)–barley intercropping. Soil chemical, biochemical and eco-physiological variables together with compositional shifts in the bacterial community structure by LH-PCR fingerprinting were determined at four sampling times during the durum wheat cropping season. Soil fertility was estimated by using a revised version of the biological fertility index. Results showed that even though the microbial biomass was significantly altered, the preceding legume intercrops stimulated C-related functional variables thus leading to an increased release of mineral N, which was larger in crop treatments succeeding pea-based than faba bean-based intercropping. The increased N made available in soil enabled the succeeding durum wheat to achieve an adequate grain yield with a reduced N-fertilizer use. Soil type and environmental conditions rather than crop treatments were major determinants of bacterial community structure. The biological fertility status was not varied, suggesting that in intensively managed rainfed areas long-term crop rotations with intercropped legumes are needed to consistently ameliorate it.     

镉胁迫对尾巨桉幼苗生长和生理特性的影响

以尾巨桉(DH_32-29)幼苗为试验材料，以植株的生长指标(苗高、地径、叶面积)、生物量、根冠比、氮平衡指数(NBI)、叶绿素相对含量(SPAD 值)、丙二醛(MDA)含量和叶绿素荧光参数为指标，通过盆栽试验设置8个10~140 mg·kg^-1浓度镉(Cd)盐溶液处理，研究了不同浓度 Cd 胁迫处理下尾巨桉幼苗的形态和生理特性变化规律。结果显示：低浓度(10 mg·kg^-1)Cd 处理对尾巨桉幼苗的形态和生理特性无明显影响。当 Cd 浓度大于20 mg·kg^-1，随着 Cd浓度的逐渐增大，其对尾巨桉幼苗的伤害程度也逐渐增加，主要表现为：植株生长缓慢、生物量减小、叶绿素相对含量和叶绿素荧光参数(Fv/Fm、φPSⅡ、NP、NBI)均下降，qP 无明显变化， MDA 含量升高。Cd 浓度大于60 mg·kg^-1以上时，尾巨桉幼苗生长出现一定程度上的损伤症状和生长停滞现象。结果表明低浓度(≤20 mg·kg^-1)Cd处理下尾巨桉幼苗能正常生长，随着浓度的增大，Cd 处理对尾巨桉的形态和生理特性造成显著影响。同时结合部分桉树适生区土壤 Cd 含量调查及相关研究结果认为，尾巨桉具有一定修复 Cd 污染区土壤的潜力。     

乡村旅游开发项目的社会评价

分析了乡村旅游开发项目开展社会评价的必要性,总结了开展社会评价的方法原则;在综合现有研究的基础上,提出了从社会经济影响、社会环境影响、社会生态影响、项目与当地社会互适性、社会风险五个方面开展乡村旅游开发项目的社会评价,并构建了一整套的评价指标体系;最后针对指标体系的完善和应用提出了一些思考和讨论。     

新疆南疆地区城市化发展与耕地资源协调性分析

基于南疆地区1989—2012年的社会,经济统计数据应用一元线性回归模型和协调度分析法,采用1990年,2000年,2010年3期Landsat TM,ETM+、ALOS/AVNIR-2数据作为数据源,提取城市和耕地面积信息,分析南疆地区城市化水平和耕地资源的变动情况、相关性以及协调性,找出城市化水平和耕地资源的互动关系,有助于为当地政府城市规划和进一步发展提供参考依据。结果表明:(1)近24a南疆地区处于城市化较慢的发展时期,其中城市化水平最高的是库尔勒市,较高的有阿克苏市、喀什市、和田市,最低的是阿图什市;(2)库尔勒、阿克苏、喀什等城市的耕地面积出现增长趋势,阿图什市和和田市耕地面积呈递减趋势;(3)1989—2012年南疆地区耕地资源与城市化水平的协调关系逐渐向良性发展,从1990年的不协调变了2012年的基本协调,说明研究期间南疆地区城市化水平与耕地资源协调度各年份的变化均不一致。     

青稞秸秆对生长期藏绵羊体增重及免疫指标的影响

本试验用青稞秸秆替代燕麦干草作为唯一粗饲料来源,研究其对生长期藏绵羊体增重及免疫功能的影响。选择18只4~5月龄健康河谷型藏绵羊,随机分为2组,即:青稞组(青稞秸秆300 g/d+精料300 g/d)和燕麦组(燕麦干草300 g/d+精料300 g/d)。试验期4周,第1周为预试期,第2~4周为正试期。正试期结束后,按公母各占1/2原则,各组分别选取6只羊屠宰采样。结果发现:青稞组与燕麦组藏绵羊的体重、日增重、脾脏重和脾脏指数均差异不显著(P0.05);青稞组与燕麦组藏绵羊血清中免疫球蛋白(Ig)G、Ig A、Ig M、溶菌酶含量和酸性磷酸酶活性均差异不显著(P0.05),但青稞组中溶菌酶含量有高于燕麦组的趋势(P=0.083);青稞组与燕麦组血清、胸腺和脾脏白细胞介素(IL)-2、IL-4、IL-6、IL-10和干扰素γ(IFN-γ)含量均差异不显著(P0.05)。综合来看,与燕麦干草相比,饲喂青稞秸秆不会降低生长期藏绵羊的体增重及免疫性能,且有提高机体非特异性免疫因子(溶菌酶)含量的潜力,可作为藏绵羊的粗饲料来源。     

不同饲养标准对杜寒杂交肉用绵羊生产和屠宰性能的影响

本试验通过比较不同饲养标准杜寒杂交肉用绵羊增重、器官发育、屠宰性能及肉品质的差异,确定适宜的饲养标准。采用单因素试验设计,选取体重为(28.30±0.86)kg的杜寒杂交F1代肉羊600只,随机分为4组,每组3个重复,每个重复50只。4组分别饲喂按照以下饲养标准配制的饲粮:本实验室(中国农业科学院饲料研究所农业部饲料生物技术重点实验室)提出的杜寒杂交肉用绵羊饲养标准、美国NRC(2007)、英国AFRC(1993)以及我国农业行业标准的《肉羊饲养标准》(NY/T 816—2004),分别记为CARS、NRC、AFRC和HB。试验期81 d,每3 d记录1次采食量,每20 d进行1次称重,当CARS组羊只的平均体重达到44 kg时,每组选取10只羊进行屠宰,测定其屠宰性能、组织器官重量和肉品质等指标。结果表明:不同组羊只的实际干物质采食量,NRC组AFRC组CARS组HB组,其中NRC组与CARS和HB组间差异显著(P0.05),其他组间差异均不显著(P0.05);平均日增重和胴体重,CARS、HB、AFRC组间差异均不显著(P0.05),且均显著高于NRC组(P0.05);饲料转化率各组间存在显著差异(P0.05),CARS组HB组AFRC组NRC组;屠宰率,CARS组显著高于NRC组(P0.05),与HB、AFRC组间差异均不显著(P0.05);CARS组羊只的心脏、肝脏、肾脏重量占宰前活重比例显著高于其他组(P0.05);背最长肌失水率、肌肉色亮度、红度和黄度值,各组间均无显著性差异(P0.05)。结果提示,杜寒杂交肉羊在不同饲养标准下的实际日增重200~220g,从增重和屠宰性能上来看,CARS制订的饲养标准与国外饲养标准相比具有明显优势。