Use of a multifenestrated indwelling lavage system for treatment of septic digital teno-synovitis in cattle

Septic tenosynovitis was diagnosed in seven cattle on the basis of history, physical examination, radiographs, cytological examination of tendon sheath fluids, and microbial culture. A commercially available indwelling multifenestrated silicone rubber drain was used to perform frequent lavage of the flexor tendon sheaths. The sepsis resolved in all cattle. Five of six cattle for which long-term (> 1 year) follow-up information was available were clinically sound on the affected limb and had remained productive members of the herd.     

Application of Biomedical Engineering in Treatment of Sepsis

To research role of biomedical engineering in treatment of Gram_negative bacterial sepsis,and chemical configuration of endotoxin and role of endotoxin in septic shock and multiple organ failures were analyzed.Effects of various biotechnology in treatment sepsis were compared. There are relationship between in endotoxin and sepsis,no effective medication for sepsis. Hemoperfusion with Polymyxin B immobilized absorbents could remove endotoxin of blood, decrease flammatory mediators(eg,tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1) of blood ,and improve hemorheology. Polymyxin B immobilized absorbents are important in treatment patient of sepsis by its specific absorbing endotoxin .     

Thromboelastography in healthy, sick non-septic and septic neonatal foals

Objectives To evaluate citrated recalcified thromboelastography (TEG) in healthy newborn foals, and to determine intra‐assay, inter‐individual and intra‐individual (at 12 h, 24 h and 7 days after birth) variations. Additionally, to compare TEG variables, haematological values and conventional coagulation profiles from healthy, sick non‐septic, and septic foals. Design Prospective study. Methods The study group comprised 18 healthy, 15 sick non‐septic and 17 septic foals. Two citrated (3.2%; 1 : 9 anticoagulant : blood ratio) blood samples were submitted for haemostatic evaluation using a TEG analyser and conventional coagulation profile. TEG values (R time (R), K time (K), angle (α), maximum amplitude (MA) and G value (G)), complete blood count (CBC) and conventional coagulation profile (prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), fibrinogen concentration (Fib) and antithrombin (AT)) were evaluated. Signalment, presenting complaint, sepsis scores, blood culture results and outcome were taken from the medical records of the sick foals. Results Mean values ± SD for TEG variables in healthy neonatal foals were: R = 11.82 ± 5.35 min, K = 3.06 ± 1.34 min, α= 51.19 ± 12.66 degrees, MA = 55.06 ± 6.67 mm and G = 6361 ± 1700 dyn/cm². Mean coefficients of variation for intra‐assay/inter‐individual/intra‐individual in healthy foals were: R = 3.5/45.2/43.1%; K = 5.3/58.7/28.7%; α= 1.5/24.7/11.9%; MA = 0.3/12.1/6.1%; G = 1.6/26.7/14.7%. Septic foals had significantly greater α, MA and G values than sick non‐septic foals, and significantly greater MA and G than healthy foals, changes that are consistent with hypercoagulability. Weak correlations were detected between TEG variables and haematological or haemostatic values. Conclusions TEG could be used to provide additional information about the haemostatic system in equine neonates.     

Therapeutic effect of ulinastatin and berberine on burn sepsis in rats

AIM: To investigate the combination therapeutic effect of ulinastatin and berberine on burn sepsis in the rats.METHODS: The rats with burn sepsis were administrated with ulinastatin or berberine or combination therapy. The survival rate and body weight of the rats were measured. The levels of IL-6, IL-10 and TNF-α were examined by ELISA. The morphological changes of the lung were observed by hematoxylin and eosin staining. The content of bacteria in the liver, lung and spleen tissues was detected.RESULTS: Combination of ulinastatin and berberine significantly increased the survival rate and body weight in the rats with burn sepsis. Moreover, combination therapy inhibited the elevation of IL-6 and TNF-α levels, whereas increased the IL-10 level. Combination therapy protected the structure of hepatic lobule, and further reduced the bacterial content in the liver, lung and spleen. CONCLUSION: Combination of ulinastatin and berberine improves the symptoms of burn sepsis by regulating the levels of IL-6, IL-10 and TNF-α and inhibiting the content of bacteria.     

State‐of‐the‐Art‐Review: Immunomodulatory effects of opioids

Objective – To review the immunomodulatory effects of opioids. Data Sources – Original research publications and review articles using the PubMed search engine with the following keywords – opioids, morphine, immuomodulation, and immunosuppression. Veterinary and Human Data Synthesis – Opioids have been shown to modulate the immune system in animal models by affecting both the acquired and innate arms of the immune system. Natural killer cell activity, T‐cell proliferation, antibody production, phagocytic cell function, and cytokine production have all been shown to be affected by opioids. Many of these effects are reversed by opioid antagonists. Opioids have also been shown to induce sepsis in laboratory animals. Opioid administration alters immune parameters in healthy humans at analgesic doses and may increase the risk of infection in some patient populations. Conclusions – While opioids remain the most powerful and widely used analgesics available, their negative effects on the immune system are well established in the laboratory setting. Thoughtful consideration should be given to the use of certain opioids in critically ill patients, especially those with pre‐existing immunocompromise.     

Omega-3 Fatty Acid Intervention Suppresses Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammation and Weight Loss in Mice

Bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced sepsis is a critical medical condition, characterized by a severe systemic inflammation and rapid loss of muscle mass. Preventive and therapeutic strategies for this complex disease are still lacking. Here, we evaluated the effect of omega-3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) intervention on LPS-challenged mice with respect to inflammation, body weight and the expression of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) pathway components. LPS administration induced a dramatic loss of body weight within two days. Treatment with n-3 PUFA not only stopped loss of body weight but also gradually reversed it back to baseline levels within one week. Accordingly, the animals treated with n-3 PUFA exhibited markedly lower levels of inflammatory cytokines or markers in plasma and tissues, as well as down-regulation of TLR4 pathway components compared to animals without n-3 PUFA treatment or those treated with omega-6 PUFA. Our data demonstrate that n-3 PUFA intervention can suppress LPS-induced inflammation and weight loss via, at least in part, down-regulation of pro-inflammatory targets of the TLR4 signaling pathway, and highlight the therapeutic potential of n-3 PUFA in the management of sepsis.     

A review of foal diarrhoea from birth to weaning

Diarrhoea is among the most common clinical complaints in foals. Aetiologies, diagnostic testing and recommended interventions for specific causes of enterocolitis are summarised. Many mild to moderately affected foals can be managed in an ambulatory setting, while others will benefit from more intensive care at a referral centre.     

丝裂原活化蛋白激酶抑制剂对脓毒症大鼠肺损伤的保护作用

目的探讨丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen-activated protein kinase,MAPK)活化与脓毒症大鼠肺组织和血浆肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)表达及组织炎症反应的关系。方法采用盲肠结扎穿孔术(CLP)模型制造大鼠腹腔感染。随机将56只大鼠分为正常对照组、CLP组和CLP+MAPK抑制剂(SB203580)处理组,各组又分不同时间点亚组。采用反转录多聚酶链式反应和酶联免疫吸附试验检测试剂盒分别测定血浆和肺TNF-αmRNA和蛋白水平;同时测定肺髓过氧化酶(MPO)活性、HE染色病理切片检测肺组织炎症反应程度。结果与正常大鼠相比,CLP后各时间点肺血浆和肺组织TNF-αmRNA、蛋白含量均升高明显;同时肺MPO和组织病理学评分升高明显。MAPK抑制剂处理后,与CLP组相应时间点相比,MPO和病理学评分均显著下降;TNF-αmRNA表达和蛋白含量同时显著降低。结论抑制MAPK活化可缓和脓毒症所致大鼠肺组织炎症反应,减轻肺组织损伤。