不断发展的中国草原畜牧业

总结了新中国成立60年来我国草原畜牧业的发展情况,指出我国已经探索出一条适合中国特色的草原畜牧业发展道路。草原畜牧业生产水平在不断提高,如牧区每年向农区提供育肥用牛羊达到3 000多万头;草原畜牧业生产结构不断优化;经营模式不断转变,产、加、销一体化格局正在加快形成;草原畜牧业发展基础日益牢固,仅2000年以来,国家对草原保护建设的投入已超过200亿元;草原畜牧业对生态安全和经济发展发挥了重要作用,局部地区生态环境已得到明显改善。但是,受草原生态安全问题,生猪型畜牧业生产特点和草原地区自身发展能力等因素的制约,草原畜牧业发展还面临许多突出矛盾和艰巨挑战。因此,应该积极应对客观矛盾和问题,牢牢把握当前发展的有利机遇,进一步推进草原畜牧业发展。     

Small mammal diversity and density on the Bokkeveld escarpment,South Africa – implications for conservation and livestock predation

A preliminary investigation of the diversity and density of small mammals in four structurally distinct habitat types in an actively-utilized farming landscape was carried out. We sought to understand how diversity and density are influenced by landscape structure, habitat structure and management decisions. Farmers in the area believe small mammals provide a service as an alternative food source, other than sheep, for predators. We assessed the validity of this reported ecosystem service. A total of 10 species and 219 individuals were recorded during this survey of 3600 trap-nights, with a total trap success rate of 6.1%. Significantly more individuals were caught during the winter than in summer. Vegetation transformation had a negative impact on small mammal diversity. Density, diversity and distribution were correlated with vegetation and landscape structural diversity. Management decisions that reduce vegetation structure and cover will have a negative impact on small mammal density and diversity. Ensuring the conservation of small mammals may have the benefit of providing an alternative food source to predators, a valuable ecosystem service to farmers.     

岩石边坡生态防护草种混播比例的研究

通过对成南高速公路高边坡草种不同组合混播比例的栽培试验,各项指标测定表明:供试草种中高羊茅、苜蓿在高边坡上生长良好,其中以高羊茅30%+苜蓿50%的组合群落结构最合理,其景观效果较好。     

松嫩平原不同土壤基质条件下羊草种群年龄结构的研究

通过对不同土壤基质条件下羊草Leymus chinensis种群年龄结构进行研究,结果表明:5月中旬在松嫩平原羊草种群营养生长期,分蘖株均由1龄、2龄、3龄3个龄级组成,呈增长型年龄结构,其中均以1龄和2龄级分蘖株占绝对优势,为89.4%～99.7%,3龄株仅占0.3%～10.6%;根茎均由2龄、3龄、4龄3个龄级组成,根茎长度及其质量均以2龄级最高,3龄次之,4龄最小;根茎物质的储量均随着龄级的升高而降低,羊草种群对低龄植株、根茎的大比例投资是羊草种群扩大其空间的一种十分有效的生态对策.     

科尔沁沙地退化草场土壤养分的空间结构分析

利用地统计学的方法对科尔沁沙地东南缘退化草场土壤养分的空间分析表明:该草场土壤有机质、全氮、全磷和速效钾都具有明显的空间结构特征,但结构异质性的程度和尺度表现各不相同,空间相关度依次为0.788,0.470,0.758和0.650,变程依次为7.8,18.4,5.9和6.5 m,分数维依次为1.857,1.881,1.933和1.920.Moran's Ⅰ系数在近距离(1～2 m)内均在0.4左右,随着距离增大,迅速减少,克立格制图进一步形象地直观描述该地退化草场土壤特性的空间结构特征.指出土壤全氮是该地区草地生态系统退化和恢复关注的重点.     

禽呼肠孤病毒C-98分离株S3基因的克隆及序列分析

参考GenBank中禽呼肠孤病毒S3基因序列设计一对引物,以禽呼肠孤病毒内蒙古分离株(C-98)基因组RNA为模板,应用RT-PCR方法获得病毒的S3基因,并克隆到pMD19-T载体后测序。应用计算机软件将所测定序列与参考毒株ARV 176、ARV S1133、ARV 138的S3基因序列进行比较,核苷酸同源性分别为99.8%,99.6%,87.7%,推导其氨基酸同源性分别为99.5%,98.9%,94.8%。应用PHD程序和DNAStar软件,对S3基因所编码的σB蛋白结构进行预测,结果表明,σB蛋白为结构紧密的球状蛋白分子。     

Seasonal habitat requirements of Lemon Dove (Aplopelia larvata) in coastal forest: camera-trap surveys of a reclusive species

The modification of natural habitats requires behavioural plasticity, which may be challenging for ‘specialist’ species. Quantifying habitat requirements and behavioural responses of specialists to landscape transformation is thus a priority for baseline data to inform conservation practices. Using camera-trap surveys of the forest-dependent Lemon Dove Aplopelia larvata in conjunction with detailed microhabitat-scale covariates, we assessed habitat use during two periods in the year: autumn–winter and spring–summer (which largely encompassed peak breeding). We used occupancy modelling of forest-structural covariates to produce models of the probability of occupancy and detection of Lemon Doves in patches of the Indian Ocean Coastal Belt Forest of South Africa. The average occupancy and detection probability as indicated by the top-performing models was 0.39 ± 0.08 and 0.26 ± 0.05, respectively, during autumn–winter, and 0.37 ± 0.08 and 0.25 ± 0.04, respectively, during spring–summer. Although occupancy and probability of detection remained relatively constant between seasons, there was seasonal variation in the influence of individual covariates for both measures. The overall trend of positive influences on Lemon Dove occupancy was that of complex and diverse habitat structures and high plant species richness. The specific covariates that influenced occupancy positively during spring–summer may reflect the ecological requirements for nestling provisioning for both dietary needs and an avoidance of potential disturbance. Thus, while Lemon Doves may be less habitat-specific during autumn–winter, conservation management plans for safeguarding the breeding success of the species are advised to ensure adequate protection of large forest patches with complex and diverse interior structures and minimal disturbance.     

雁鹅羽毛毛囊形态结构与分布特点研究

雁鹅羽毛毛囊形态结构和分布特点与其羽绒性能密切相关。本试验采用组织切片技术和光学显微方法观察成年雁鹅羽毛毛囊形态结构和分布特点,用最小二乘均数法对胸、腹和背部羽区的毛囊密度、毛囊直径和S/P值的变化进行分析,以及性别因素对毛囊性状的影响进行研究。结果显示,雁鹅羽毛初级毛囊和次级毛囊均属有髓毛囊,二者独立发生发育并独立分布。鹅的次级毛囊显微形态结构与初级毛囊基本相似,但次级毛囊的羽嵴于羽髓周围呈放射状均匀分布,没有凸出的脊柱状较大嵴突存在。成年雌性雁鹅在其胸、腹、背部羽区的初级和次级毛囊密度均显著高于雄性雁鹅(P＜0.05),雁鹅胸、腹部羽区的次级毛囊密度和S/P值均显著高于背部的毛囊密度和S/P值(P＜0.05)。次级毛囊直径因性别差异变化较大,雄鹅胸、背部羽区的次级毛囊直径显著大于雌鹅(P＜0.05);且雄雌鹅腹部次级毛囊直径均显著小于其背部的次级毛囊直径(P＜0.05)。     

饲料中添加枯草芽孢杆菌对团头鲂幼鱼生长性能、肝脏抗氧化指标、肠道菌群结构和抗病力的影响

本试验旨在研究饲料中添加枯草芽孢杆菌对团头鲂幼鱼生长性能、肝脏抗氧化指标、肠道菌群结构和抗病力的影响。选取初始体重为(1.81±0.01)g的团头鲂幼鱼360尾,随机分为4组(每组3个重复,每个重复30尾),分别饲喂添加0(T0组,作为对照组)、2×10~7(T1组)、2×10~8(T2组)、2×10~9CFU/g枯草芽孢杆菌(T3组)的等氮等脂饲料。试验期为8周。结果表明:1)与对照组相比,T1组和T2组团头鲂幼鱼的增重率、特定生长率显著升高(P0.05),且T1组的饲料系数显著降低(P0.05)。2)与对照组相比,T1组团头鲂幼鱼的肝脏抗氧化酶(超氧化歧化酶、过氧化氢酶和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶)活性显著升高(P0.05),同时该组肝脏丙二醛含量显著降低(P0.05)。3)各组全鱼水分、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪和粗灰分含量均无显著差异(P0.05)。4)变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)图谱显示摄食不同添加量枯草芽孢杆菌饲料的团头鲂幼鱼的肠道菌群结构发生了改变。5)采用嗜水气单胞菌对鱼体进行攻毒,各组96 h后的累积死亡率未产生显著差异(P0.05),但T1组和T2组的累积死亡率低于对照组和T3组。由此可见,饲料中添加2×10~7CFU/g的枯草芽孢杆菌能够提高团头鲂幼鱼的生长性能、抗氧化能力,并改变肠道菌群结构,但对其体成分和抗病力没有显著影响。     

幼年牦牛松果体的光镜和电镜观察

利用光镜和电镜技术对幼年牦牛松果体的组织形态结构特征进行了研究。结果表明，光镜下，幼年牦牛松果体由松果体细胞、少量的神经胶质细胞、毛细血管和神经等组成。电镜下，松果体细胞的电子致密度低，细胞质内含有丰富的线粒体、粗面内质网、滑面内质网、高尔基复合体、微管、微丝和核糖体，典型异质细胞器突触带呈球形，多位于质膜附近。神经胶质细胞内的线粒体丰富，胞体突起呈球形膨大伸入到松果体细胞之间。松果体细胞以及神经胶质细胞间均存在突触和连接复合体。牦牛松果体内的毛细血管为连续型，远腹侧血管周围可见色素细胞。