山东烟叶感官质量与物理化学指标相关性研究

为了分析山东烟叶感官质量与物理化学指标的相关性,解析烟叶品质的化学基础和物理标识,采集典型中部和上部烟叶样品,通过感官质量评价、理化检测和数理统计分析,并对叶位、地域分布差异进行了比较。结果表明,山东上中部烟叶物理指标总体适宜,化学成分总体相对协调,感官质量总体较好,地域分布差异显著。中部叶在适宜范围内指标的比例高于上部叶。感官质量评价指标与化学成分和物理指标进行典型相关分析,分别得到3对和两对显著性典型变量,对典型变量影响较大的感官质量评价指标为杂气、余味、香气质,影响较大的化学成分指标为还原糖、总糖、两糖比、氯、总氮和烟碱,物理指标为叶宽、单叶重、叶片厚度,叶面密度和叶长。其中,杂气指标与钾氯比呈显著正相关,与氯、半纤维素呈显著负相关;余味与钙、氮碱比、钾氯比、叶宽、含梗率呈显著正相关,与淀粉、烟碱、钠、硫、氯、两糖比、叶片厚度、叶面密度呈显著负相关;香气质与钙、钾氯比、叶宽、含梗率呈显著正相关,与总氮、烟碱、钠、氯、两糖比、叶片厚度、叶面密度呈显著负相关。今后可采取相关措施进行调控,为产区烟叶质量提升提供理论参考。     

Possible functions of the octavolateralis system in fish schooling

The development of the octavolateralis system in fish ancestors created the phenomenon of sensory reafference associated with the fish's own locomotion. Particularly in fish species living and moving in groups, there is a potential to produce complex pressure waves and other water movements interfering with the octavolateralis perception of critical environmental signals. The hypothesis presented is that the development of the octavolateralis system may have initiated, or been a factor in, the evolutionary development of synchronized group locomotion, eventually leading to schooling behaviour. Theoretical models suggest that schooling may be related to a reduction in masking of environmental signals, as well as to survival mechanisms, e.g. confusion of the lateral line and electro-sensory systems of predators by overlapping pressure waves and overlapping electrical fields. The combined effects of reduced masking and predator confusion may help explain why schooling became an evolutionary success. Including pressure waves and other water movements in the model of join, stay or leave decisions might shed some light on fish shoal assortment. A model encompassing the complex effects of synchronized group locomotion on octavolateralis and electro-sensory perception of both prey and predator fish might increase the understanding of schooling behaviour.     

Production of Biscuit from Chinese Sturgeon Fish Fillet Powder (Acipeneser sinensis): A Snack Food for Children

ABSTRACT

Malnutrition in children is a current global burden. A common snack for children is biscuits prepared from cereals. However, these types of biscuits have low protein content. Therefore, producing healthier biscuits enriched with essential amino acids (EAAs) and other micronutrients is of great interest to researchers and manufacturers. In this study, biscuits produced from low gluten wheat flour fortified with sturgeon fillet powder (SFP) in various mixing ratios (100:0, 95:5, 93:7, and 90:10, respectively) were investigated. The results revealed that the nutritional and proximate composition of biscuits were significantly (P ≤ 0.05) improved: moisture (6.77 ± 0.06–7.65 ± 0.06), protein (13.23 ± 0.35–17.12 ± 0.02), fat (15.57 ± 0.18–15.85 ± 0.25), ash (0.84 ± 0.07–0.92 ± 0.06), spread ratio (14.0 ± 0.92–14.33 ± 0.21), and hardness (2,057.90 ± 28.33–3,089.02 ± 51.53). Total amino acids were 6.91, 9.34, 10.32, and 10.58; and EAAs were 2.43, 3.97, 4.48, and 4.22 g/100 g for 0%, 5%, 7%, and 10% SFP, respectively. Leucine was the major amino acid with 5% and 10% SFP, while methionine was the major amino acid with 7% SFP. Fungal counts were not observed, and quality indices were below the maximum acceptable limits in the products. Biscuits supplemented with 7% SFP showed the highest sensory evaluation score. Overall, the inclusion of 7% SFP could produce protein enriched cereal-based fortified biscuits with acceptable sensory and quality attributes and ultimately could insure effective fish utilization and solve malnutrition problems.     

Characterization of a Heat Stable Protease from Arrowtooth Flounder;

Sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis revealed rapid proteolytic degradation of myosin heavy chain in heated arrowtooth flounder muscle. A proteolytic enzyme of approximately 32,000 molecular weight was extracted from the muscle and purified 125 fold. Activity of the semi-purified enzyme at 55°C was optimal against casein at pH 6.0-7.0. Incubation with chemical reagents indicated the involvement of sulfhydryl groups in enzyme activity.     

Effect of Diets Supplemented with Soybean,Flaxseed, or Menhaden Fish Oil on the Growth,Feed Utilization,Immune Status,and Sensory Properties of Channel Catfish in a Recirculating System at 22°C

Channel catfish feed intake and growth decline with temperature, but different dietary lipids might sustain performance during cool weather. Catfish at a suboptimal temperature (22°C) were fed 32% protein commercial floating pellets supplemented with 2% soybean oil (SBO), menhaden oil (MFO), or flaxseed oil (FLX). After 12 weeks, fish were counted and weighed, then health assays and proximate and fatty acid analysis of fillets were conducted. Weight gain, feed conversion ratio, and survival were similar among treatments, indicating limited potential of different lipids to improve growth at low temperatures. However, the favorable feed conversion ratios (FCRs; ≤1.6) indicated that feeding at 22°C was worthwhile to maintain good condition of catfish. Across diets, the unsaturated fatty acids in muscle lipids increased. The FLX and MFO both increased the n-3 HUFA in the fillet, but FLX was less effective. Unfortunately, both FLX and MFO reduced sensory properties of the fillet relative to the SBO control.     

汉语思维方式及写作经验在中国学生英语写作中的迁移现象

语言迁移现象会在语言学习的各个方面发生，正迁移对英语学习有促进作用，负迁移则有阻碍作用。写作教学是外语教学中的难点之一和薄弱环节，更容易发生负迁移。运用对比错误分析方法，对中国学生写作时容易发生的汉语负迁移现象进行了分析，试图对我国英语写作教学的改进提供一己之见。     

Quality Indices of Squid (Photololigo duvaucelii) and Cuttlefish (Sepia aculeata) Stored in Ice

The objective quality indices of squid (Photololigo duvaucelii) and cuttlefish (Sepia aculeata) stored in ice were compared with the subjective counterparts. Sensory (overall quality rating, quality index method [QIM], and multisample difference test), microbiological (total viable count [TVC], psychrophilic count), chemical (trichloroacetic acid-soluble peptide [TCA-soluble peptide], trimethylamine nitrogen [TMA-N], total volatile bases nitrogen [TVB-N], ammonia content, and protein pattern), and physical analyses (expressible drip, color, and texture) were determined in both species during 16 days of iced storage. As storage time increased, TCA-soluble peptide, TVB, ammonia content, and expressible drip were increased (p < 0.05). TMA content was markedly increased after 10 and 8 days of storage in squid and cuttlefish, respectively. Both TVC and psychrophilic count increased as the storage time increased (p < 0.01). Myosin heavy chain was degraded with coincidental decrease in shear force and sensory texture during storage (p < 0.05). According to the overall rating score, shelf life of both species in ice was estimated to be 6 days. The increases in ammonia content and expressible drip were highly correlated with the decrease in overall quality rating and increase in quality index score of squid and cuttlefish (p < 0.01).     

Odor Modification in Salmon Hydrolysates Using the Maillard Reaction

The aim of this work was to study the effect of adding sugar during proteolysis to promote the Maillard reaction and mask the initial fish odor and off-flavors generated. An experimental design, based on the Doehlert plan, was used to study the influence of hydrolysis conditions (time, temperature, sugar, and antioxidant addition) on the odor characteristics of hydrolysates, soluble protein levels, and amino acid content. Results showed that the lowest level of sugar (10 g of D-xylose added to 1 kg of by-products) was enough to develop a grilled odor in hydrolysates. In the hydrolysis conditions used—i.e., enzyme inactivation at 95°C for 30 min—hydrolysis temperature had no effect on grilled odor production but significantly affected the soluble protein fraction, as did hydrolysis time. Soluble protein content and essential amino acid content increased with the enzymatic reaction but were not modified by adding sugar. Hydrolysis conditions that promote Maillard reactions while keeping a nutritional balance have been identified.     

不同加工条件下海螺足部质构的变化

研究了鲜活和不同加热条件下（5、20、60min）海螺足部的组织构造及其流变学特性的变化,并进行了质地剖面分析（TPA）和感官评定试验,为海螺深加工制品的开发及加工工艺的优化提供理论基础和科学依据。组织构造变化采用Van Gieson染色法观察,流变学特性参数和TPA通过质构仪测定,同时比较了TPA和感官评定间的相关性。结果表明：不同的加热处理对海螺足部的组织结构和流变学特征参数有明显影响。流变学特性与组织结构的变化之间具有一定的关联性。流变学特征参数表明鲜活海螺足部的肌肉具有硬度大、弹力和粘着性小的质地特点,而加热样品则是硬度小、弹力和粘着性大。海螺足部的热加工应以加热20分钟为宜, 时间太短或过长都无法给人以最佳的口感。TPA和感官评定在硬度（R=0.9692）、弹性（R=0.9272）和咀嚼性（R=0.8542）方面呈显著相关性,在粘着性（R=0.7945）方面也有较好的相关性。