基于大数据视域下农业科研院所行政管理体系的改革探究

在现代化的农业科研院所行政管理体系中,融入信息化、便捷化、数字化的大数据理念,可使该体系能够提供更全面、更细致的管理服务,提高行政管理的精准性和管理效率。文章阐述了大数据可助推农业科研院所行政管理体系多元共治的结构创新、有助于优化农业科研院所行政管理体系中的资源配置机制,分析了大数据时代背景下农业科研院所行政管理的现状,从思想观念、管理方式、人事制度、财务体系、行政服务等角度,探讨基于大数据视域下的农业科研院所行政管理体系创新途径。     

基于3S集成平台的南海渔业信息动态采集与实时自动分析系统研发

以全球定位系统(GPS)、地理信息系统(GIS)和遥感(RS)等3S技术集成平台,并结合船舶监控系统(VMS)、北斗卫星短报文信道、ARM高性能处理器、NR嵌入式操作系统等前沿技术,建立"南海渔业信息动态采集与实时自动分析系统"。该系统是一个分布式系统,包括船载捕捞信息实时采集装备、南海渔业数据集成中心、南海渔业捕捞地理信息系统及外海渔场预报系统等4个完全独立分布的子系统。本系统自主研发了具备北斗通信功能的船载捕捞实时采集装备,并创新性地利用北斗卫星短报文信道实现了海上渔船与地面数据中心的实时信息交互,此外利用VPN信道实现了数据中心与数据处理分析应用系统之间安全可靠的数据共享,从而最终建立了海上渔船与岸上数据分析系统之间的无缝连接虚拟网络。基于这一网络,海上渔船将渔业捕捞数据实时发送至南海渔业捕捞GIS系统,进行实时分析与显示海洋捕捞(分)渔区/渔船/鱼类产量的数据分析专题图;外海渔场预报系统依据多年的捕捞、渔业生物学及渔场环境数据收集与分析将南海外海鸢乌贼渔场信息发送给海上渔船,推进海上渔业捕捞的高效生产。     

基于嵌入式系统农产品产地数据采集的研究

针对农产品产地检测,提出一种基于嵌入式数据终端,应用中间件思想,在数据采集设备与业务系统之间提供可复用的远程双向数据交换模块.系统由数据采集节点与数据中心节点构成.数据采集节点以嵌入式NetBoxII数据终端为核心,完成时前端不同采集设备的数据读取,并对数据进行TCP封装,实现与数据中心节点间的数据交换.数据中心节点实现对采集数据的持久化.依托公共通讯网络,应用本系统,可建立产地认证现场与管理中心之间的信息流通道,实现产地现场数据与认证机构数据库之间的实时采集、入库与处理,达到远程条件下农产品产地检测的需要.     

Historical spatial baselines in conservation and management of marine resources

Increased knowledge on the spatial distribution of marine resources is crucial for the implementation of a true ecosystem approach to management and the conservation of marine organisms. For exploited fish species characterized by aggregation behaviour during spawning time, the identification and tracking of spawning areas is essential for a correct assessment of their productivity and population abundance. To elucidate this concept, we reconstructed the spatio‐temporal distribution of adult plaice (Pleuronectes platessa, Pleuronectidae) during spawning time along the 20^th century. Historical data reveal that not only the abundance but also the former population richness was much higher than previously estimated and has declined because of protracted over‐exploitation during the last 30 years. We conclude that forecast of stock recovery to former levels of abundance neglecting spatial reorganizations might be over‐optimistic and shaded by a lost memory of the past population richness. These results reinforce the importance of managing exploited marine resources at a greater spatial resolution than has been carried out in the history of fishery management.     

地方高校精准服务乡村振兴的思路设计

地方高校作为助力地方经济发展的重要力量,是推进乡村振兴战略实施的有力保障。大数据的发展为地方高校精准服务乡村振兴提供了理论和实践指引。从乡村差异出发,挖掘地方高校精准服务乡村振兴的逻辑起点,并以此为基础构建地方高校精准服务乡村振兴的实施路径,将乡村数据资源库、高校资源库作为数据源,通过数据挖掘技术深入发掘各乡村发展需求,并将需求与地方高校进行精准匹配,实现资源合理配置,助力乡村全面发展。     

大功率UPS负载试验的数据采集与监视系统设计

提出并设计了大功率UPS负载试验系统及其数据采集与监视模块，讨论了该系统的原理及硬件结构和软件设计。该系统可测量UPS三相电压、电流、功率、频率和相位等参数，为大功率UPS电源的测试提供了有力的工具和实验手段。实验结果表明，该系统性能稳定、工作可靠。     

基于MODIS遥感数据计算无定河流域日蒸散

为研究无定河流域日蒸散分布规律,应用遥感数据、农业气象站测量数据及Nishida模型等对该流域日蒸散进行了模拟。首先用2001～2002年晴天中国科学院禹城生态试验站Lysimeter测量日蒸散验证模型,模拟与测量的日蒸散相关系数达到0.61。随后,用该模型计算了无定河流域日蒸散,发现无定河流域日蒸散存在较为明显的空间分布规律：2001～2003年连续3年的8月份日蒸散都表现为东北部蒸散明显小于西南部,这是因为东北部基本是荒漠而东南部多是农田,且8月份日蒸散基本在2～5 mm之间变化;从2001年8月份第222 d日蒸散空间分布看,无定河主干道两边蒸散显著高于其他位置,这是由于8月份无定河流域为多雨季节,河谷土壤水分较高的缘故;从2002年内变化来看,不同的土地利用/覆被类型日平均蒸散差别不显著。     

小额信贷缓减农村贫困的效用研究——基于面板模型的分析

缓减贫困一直是政府面临的重要问题,也是政府经济发展的重要目标。基于2003~2011年中国26个省市的统计数据,运用面板模型定量研究农村小额信贷缓解农村贫困的效应。结果表明：小额信贷具有显著的减贫效应,其降低农村绝对贫困的程度效应要大于降低农村贫困人口相对收入短缺和收入不平等程度的效应。为了更好地发挥小额信贷缓减贫困的效应,应进一步放开小额信贷发展的约束成分,改进贫困农户贷款评级授信的方式,提高小额信贷缓减贫困的精确度。     

An examination of the use of angling data to estimate total returns of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, to two rivers in Newfoundland, Canada

Conservation spawning requirements (limits) for Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., have been developed for a number of rivers in Newfoundland. Status of stocks is evaluated against these limits and scientific advice and recommendations on levels of recreational catch provided to resource managers. A critical factor in this process is the determination of total returns. This has been accomplished for 30–40% of the rivers in question over the years through the use of fish counting fences and traps installed in fishways. In Newfoundland, it is not logistically or financially possible to operate fish counting facilities in all of the approximately 200 Atlantic salmon rivers. Thus angling catch data have been used as an alternative means of estimating total returns to rivers without counting facilities. Estimates of total returns were three to four times higher than the actual values for one of the two rivers studied and deviated from the actual by as much as 60% for the other. Management implications of the approach are discussed.     

Is risk consistent across tier‐based harvest control rule management systems? A comparison of four case‐studies

There can be substantial differences in data quality and quantity among fished species. Consequently, the quality and type of assessments can also vary substantially. However, all species, especially those that are targeted, need to be managed. Several jurisdictions have developed hierarchical tier systems that categorize stocks based on, for example, the data available for assessment purposes and/or the extent to which quantities on which management advice is based can be estimated. Four case‐studies (Australia's Southern and Eastern Scalefish and Shark Fishery, the USA west coast groundfishery, the USA Alaskan crab fishery and EU fisheries) are used to contrast the types of hierarchical tier systems available, and to assess the extent to which each system constrains risk to be equivalent among the tiers (termed risk equivalency). Only the Australian system explicitly aims to achieve risk equivalency. However, this intent has not been fully operationalized. Our review reveals that best practice is not to define tiers simply on data availability, but also on what the assessments based on those data are capable of estimating. In addition, clearly differentiating the quantification of uncertainty from how decision‐makers wish to address that uncertainty would simplify justification of buffers (the gap between the assessment‐produced target catch or effort and the final management decision that accounts for uncertainty and risk). Risk equivalency can be achieved using management strategy evaluation to select the values for control variables, which determine the buffer given the uncertainty associated with the assessment.