不同疏水性氨基酸对α-螺旋抗菌肽生物学活性的影响

天然抗菌肽具有较强的杀菌能力,但其较高的细胞毒性会使肽的细胞选择性降低。为了提高抗菌肽的选择特异性,本研究拟探讨不同疏水性氨基酸对α-螺旋抗菌肽生物学活性的影响及其抑菌机制。笔者采用α-螺旋肽GRX_2RX_3RX_2RG作为模板,分别以疏水性氨基酸色氨酸(Try,W)、苯丙氨酸(Phe,F)、缬氨酸(Val,V)、丙氨酸(Ala,A)、亮氨酸(Leu,L)和异亮氨酸(Ile,I)来替换X位置,得到了一系列富含疏水氨基酸的肽GW、GF、GV、GI、GA和GL。本研究检测了抗菌肽的二级结构、溶血活性、抑菌活性、盐离子活性,并对其抑菌的作用机制进行了研究。结果表明:通过CD光谱试验检测出GF、GI、GA和GL在细胞膜模拟环境中均表现出典型的α螺旋结构,而GV只在TFE中呈现α螺旋结构;溶血试验结果表明,GV和GA在浓度为128μmol·L^-1未表现出溶血活性,而其他肽均表现出较高的溶血活性;抑菌试验发现GV的最小抑菌浓度(MIC)的几何平均值为3.7μmol·L^-1,并具有最高的治疗指数(TI);盐离子稳定性试验表明,在NH_4^+、Zn²⁺和Fe³⁺中GV对大肠杆菌25922(E.coli ATCC 25922)的抑菌能力较稳定。进一步通过扫描电镜和内膜通透性试验对抗菌肽GV的抑菌机制进行分析,结果观察到GV能够通过穿透E.coli ATCC 25922和金黄色葡萄球菌29213(S.aureus ATCC 29213)促使细胞内容物流出而导致细菌死亡,以及通过时间和剂量依赖的方式穿透细菌内膜。综合以上结果,富含Val的GV具有较高的细胞选择性和成为高效抗菌药物的发展潜力。     

Evidence of selective burning in Sardinia (Italy): which land-cover classes do wildfires prefer?

The objective of this paper is to identify land-cover types where fire incidence is higher (preferred) or lower (avoided) than expected from a random null model. Fire selectivity may be characterized by the number of fires expected in a given land-cover class and by the mean surface area each fire will burn. These two components of fire pattern are usually independent of each other. For instance, fire number is usually connected with socioeconomic causes whereas fire size is largely controlled by fuel continuity. Therefore, on the basis of available fire history data for Sardinia (Italy) for the period 2000–2004 we analyzed fire selectivity of given land-cover classes keeping both variables separate from each other. The results obtained from analysis of 13,377 fires show that for most land-cover classes fire behaves selectively, with marked preference (or avoidance) in terms of both fire number and fire size. Fire number is higher than expected by chance alone in urban and agricultural areas. In contrast, in forests, grasslands, and shrublands, fire number is lower than expected. In grasslands and shrublands mean fire size is significantly larger than expected from a random null model whereas in urban areas, permanent crops, and heterogeneous agricultural areas there is significant resistance to fire spread. Finally, as concerns mean fire size, in our study area forests and arable land burn in proportion to their availability without any significant tendency toward fire preference or avoidance. The results obtained in this study contribute to fire risk assessment on the landscape scale, indicating that risk of wildfire is closely related to land cover.     

单桩张网菱形、方形网目网囊选择性研究

近年来,一种利用帆布作为扩张装置的新型单桩张网渔具在吕四渔场得到了快速发展。为了改善这种张网对主要渔获对象的尺寸选择性,进而评价其渔获性能以及对渔业资源的影响,使用套网试验法开展了不同网目尺寸(25 mm、35 mm和45 mm)的菱形和方形网目网囊尺寸选择性试验。通过对黄鲫(Setipinnataay)和小黄鱼(Pseudosciaena polyactis)渔获体长数据的选择性分析,结果显示,无论是菱形还是方形网目网囊,其50%选择体长L50和选择范围SR都随着网目尺寸的增大而增大(L50呈线性增长)。对比菱形和方形网目的选择性发现,对于黄鲫,50%选择体长L50差异不大,但菱形网目的选择范围SR大于方形网目;对于小黄鱼,方形网目具有更好的选择特性,即具有较大的L50(8%)和较小的SR(52%),但差异均不显著。菱形和方形网目对于不同体型鱼类的选择性差异以及渔民对方形网目网囊的抵触情绪等都使得在张网渔业中推广方形网目网囊值得商榷。     

Habitat specialization and sensitivity to change in a threatened crayfish occupying upland streams

1. Crayfish are culturally and ecologically important species in freshwater ecosystems, but many are now threatened with extinction, due to threats such as habitat loss. Depending on their habitat selectivity and sensitivity, freshwater crayfish could provide effective targets for stream monitoring, restoration and conservation. This study used repeated field surveys of the threatened Murray crayfish, Euastacus armatus (family Parastacidae), to establish their habitat preferences and sensitivity to habitat loss across mesohabitat and microhabitat scales within upland streams of south‐east Australia. 2. Selectivity analysis revealed that upland populations of E. armatus displayed a strong preference for areas of intermediate water flow velocity, deeper water, and stream beds dominated by boulders and gravel. Variations in E. armatus density among and within the two upland streams aligned with these microhabitat preferences, with best‐subsets analyses revealing that E. armatus abundance hotspots were best predicted by models combining water depth with percentage cover of boulders, gravel and overhanging riparian vegetation. 3. Major shifts in stream habitat condition from 2009 to 2015 (e.g. 32% and 50% decline in boulder and overhanging vegetation cover, respectively) was associated with a 91% decline in E. armatus mean density within glide‐pool mesohabitats. 4. These findings highlight how habitat specialization in threatened crayfish such as E. armatus may render them sensitive to changes in stream habitat condition, and how targeted monitoring, restoration and conservation of their preferred habitats could yield multiple benefits for montane freshwater ecosystems. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

黄海南部不同体长鳀对食物粒级的选择

基于2000年6月和2014年11月黄海南部采集的浮游动物和不同生长阶段鳀(Engraulis japonicus)的胃含物(饵料)组成分析资料,研究鳀的饵料粒级分布与摄食粒级选择性及其与环境生物组成的关系,旨在推进粒级在传统摄食生态分析中的应用。结果显示:黄海南部鳀的饵料种类组成与环境中生物种类组成有关;各体长组中,鳀的饵料粒级多样性与种类多样性分布趋势相似;体长为110 mm左右的鳀的饵料种类多样性和粒级多样性水平最高;鳀的饵料粒级均值随鱼体体长增加而增加;体长约为30 mm和≥70 mm的鳀有明显的饵料粒级转换。根据上述结果,认为在鳀胃含物分析过程中,整合环境中饵料生物的相对组成和粒级大小,可有效评价鱼类对饵料的粒级选择性。     

Characterization of clay and fine silt fractions of forest soils by standardized K/Ca sorption isotherms

For better comparison of selectivity characteristics of clay and fine silt fractions sorption isotherms standardized on the cation exchange capacity (CEC) are useful. Due to the effect of the CEC on the sorption isotherms, it is necessary to characterize the exchanging substance with regard to different ion selectivities with standardized potassium/calcium‐(K/Ca) sorption isotherms. This procedure helps to complete the knowledge about the mineralogical composition, which is obtained by X‐ray powder diffractometry. A Haplic Luvisol from boulder marl shows distinct differences in its K selectivity both between different particle size fractions and different horizons. This is partly due to the presence of smectites and vermiculites which are differently distributed within the particle size fractions. The increase of K selectivity with increasing particle diameter in the calcareous C horizon can be attributed to the marginal expansion of mica/illite by Ca²⁺ ions. The K selectivity of individual particle size fractions in different horizons of a Gleyic Cambisol from glacial sand shows major similarities. If pedogenic chlorite is formed, no changes in selectivity characteristics can be observed.     

Glutathione transferase activities toward herbicides used selectively in soybean

Using extracts from suspension-cultured cells of soybean (Glycine max cv. Mandarin) as a source of active enzymes, the activities of glutathione transferases (GSTs) catalysing the conjugation of 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB) and selective herbicides were determined to be in the order CDNB≫ fomesafen>metolachlor=acifluorfen>chlorimuron-ethyl. GST activities showed a thiol dependence in a substrate-specific manner. Thus, GST activities toward acifluorfen and fomesafen were greater when homoglutathione (hGSH), the endogenously occurring thiol in soybean, was used as the co-substrate rather than glutathione (GSH). Compared with GSH, hGSH addition either reduced or had no effect on GST activities toward other substrates. In the absence of enzyme, the rates of hGSH conjugation with acifluorfen, chlorimuron-ethyl and fomesafen were negligible, suggesting that rapid hGSH conjugation in soybean must be catalysed by GSTs. GST activities were subsequently determined in 14-day-old plants of soybean and a number of annual grass and broadleaf weeds. GST activities of the plants were then related to observed sensitivities to post-emergence applications of the four herbicides. When enzyme activity was expressed on a mg^-1 protein basis, all grass weeds and Abutilon theophrasticontained considerably higher GST activity toward CDNB than soybean. With fomesafen as the substrate, GST activities were determined to be in the order soybean≫Echinochloa crus-galli>Digitaria sanguinalis>Sorghum halepense=Setaria faberi with none of the broadleaf weeds showing any activity. This order related well to the observed selectivity of fomesafen, with the exception of A. theophrasti, which was partially tolerant to the herbicide. Using metolachlor as the substrate the order of the GST activities was soybean>A. theophrasti≫S. halepense>Amaranthus retroflexus>Ipomoea hederacea, with the remaining species showing no activity. GST activities toward metolachlor correlated well with the selectivity of the herbicide toward the broadleaf weeds but not toward the grass weeds. Acifluorfen and chlorimuron-ethyl were selectively active on these species, but GST activities toward these herbicides could not be detected in crude extracts from whole plants. © 1997 SCI     

东海区蟹笼渔具的选择性研究

针对目前东海区普遍使用的蟹笼(笼径60 cm,笼高25 cm,外罩网衣网目尺寸2a=32 mm)对三疣梭子蟹幼蟹资源损害较严重的现状,选择设计了在其框架结构上开设横向幼蟹释放口的选择性蟹笼,于2009年11月在32°30′～33°00′ N、124°00′～124°30′ E海域进行了海上生产性试验。结果表明:释放口高度与可从其逃逸的三疣梭子蟹的最大甲高趋于一致,如以125 g作为三疣梭子蟹的最小可捕体重标准,用甲高与体重的关系式可求得选择性释放口的高度为33 mm;释放口的选择曲线可用分段函数表示且无50%选择甲高,这不同于拖网、捕虾衍拖网与帆式张网网囊及捕鳗笼的网目选择曲线,后者可以用“逻辑斯谛选择曲线”模拟,且存在50%选择体长;采用各甲高组的平均选择率表示尾数选择率,经过卡方(χ²)检验,其生产性试验值小于20%,同时释放效果明显;释放口对逃逸幼蟹的存活率几乎不产生任何影响。本研究成果可供管理部门在制定三疣梭子蟹的最小可捕标准时参考。     

A socio-economic perspective on gear-based management in an artisanal fishery in south-west Madagascar

Abstract  Artisanal fisheries are important socially, nutritionally and economically. Poverty is common in communities dependent on such fisheries, making sustainable management difficult. Poverty based on material style of life (MSL) was assessed, livelihoods surveyed and the relationship between these factors and fishery data collected using a fish landing study were examined. Species richness, diversity, size and mean trophic level of catches were determined for six fishing gears in an artisanal fishery in south-west Madagascar. There was little livelihood diversification and respondents were highly dependent on the fishery. No relationship was found between poverty and gear use. This suggests that poverty does not have a major impact on the nature of the fishery; however, this study was dominated by poor households, so it remains possible that communities with more variation in wealth might show differences in fishing methods according to this parameter. The fishery was heavily exploited with a predominance of small fish in the catches. Beach seines caught some of the smallest fish, overlapped in selectivity with gill nets and also had the highest catch per fishers. Thus, a reduction in the number of beach seines could help reduce the catch of small fish and the overlap in selectivity among gears.     

Total Replacement of Dietary Fish Oil with a Blend of Vegetable Oils in the Marine Herbivorous Teleost,Siganus canaliculatus

To investigate the feasibility of total replacement of dietary fish oil (FO) with vegetable oils (VOs) and the optimal dietary polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) level in the marine herbivorous teleost Siganus canaliculatus, six isonitrogenous (32%) and isolipidic (8%) diets were formulated. Control diet used FO as lipid source, whereas diets VO1–VO5 contained various blends of palm, soybean, rapeseed, and linseed oils, in which the dietary PUFA levels were 42.0, 38.2, 33.8, 29.9, and 27.1%, respectively. After S. canaliculatus juveniles were fed with the diets for 9 wk, their growth performance exhibited no significant difference among the dietary groups. The tissue fatty acid (FA) profiles in liver and fillet generally reflected the dietary FA compositions and showed no significant difference among the VO dietary groups. The results suggest that dietary FO can be replaced completely by VO, without affecting their growth performance. Concerning the effects of the dietary FA profile on the survival rate, hepatosomatic index and viscerosomatic index, and PUFA composition in fillets, diets VO1 and VO2 were more favorable compared with diets VO3–VO5. Considering the availability and cost of the VOs, diet VO2 was recommended for practical use in S. canaliculatus.