Crack formation due to weathering of radial and tangential sections of pine and spruce

The development of cracks and changes in appearance have been investigated on radial and tangential sections of pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce (Picea abies Karst.) after exposure outdoors for 61 months. The degradation of the sections has also been studied at the micro-level. The annual ring orientation was the most important factor affecting crack development on weathering. After 61 months of outdoor exposure, the tangential sections of spruce had 1.7-2.2 times greater mean total crack length per area unit than the corresponding radial sections. In pine, the total crack length per area unit on the tangential sections was 2.2-2.6 times greater than that on the radial sections. Tangential and radial sections show the same colour change as a result of weathering. Tangential sections have more and deeper cracks than radial surfaces. The cracks on the tangential sections occur frequently in both earlywood and latewood. On radial sections, cracks occur primarily at the annual ring borders, but to a certain extent also in the earlywood. Decomposition of the cell wall takes place in both radial and tangential cell walls, and cracks tend to follow the fibril orientation in the S2-layer of the cell wall. The radial cell wall of the earlywood has a large number of pits which are degraded at an early stage.     

灵芝适生树种

本文列举了７７种灵芝适生树种，分属２０科４２属，其中常用树种主要属于壳斗科、杜英科、金缕梅科；段木栽培效果比较理想的树种是福建山樱花（野樱），并介绍了芝树的选伐及段木的熟化处理。     

Application of an airborne laser scanner to forest road design with accurate earthwork volumes

In this study we developed a forest road design program based on a high-resolution digital elevation model (DEM) from a light detection and ranging (LIDAR) system. After a designer has located the intersection points on a horizontal plane, the model first generates the horizontal alignment and the ground profile. The model precisely generates cross-sections and accurately calculates earthwork volumes using a high-resolution DEM. The model then optimizes the vertical alignment based on construction and maintenance costs using a heuristic technique known as tabu search. As the distance between cross-sections affects the accuracy of earthwork volume calculations, the results were examined by comparing them with the exact earthwork volume calculated by the probabilistic Monte Carlo simulation method. The earthwork volumes calculated by the Pappus-based method were similar to those calculated by the Monte Carlo simulation when the distance between cross-sections was within 10m. The model was applied to a high-resolution DEM from the LIDAR of Capitol Forest in Washington State, USA. The model generated a horizontal alignment, length 827m, composed of five horizontal curves. We examined the number of grade change points. The results indicated that tabu search found the best solution ($61.42/m) with five grade change points. This was composed of two vertical curves that almost followed the ground profile. As the accuracy of a high-resolution DEM from LIDAR increases, the model would become a useful tool for a forest road designer because it eliminates or at least reduces the time-consuming process of road surveys.     

长白落叶松生长性状早晚相关及早期选择的研究

本文对３０年生９０株人工长白落叶松树干解析生长变异及早期预测进行了研究，结果表明，树高、胸径、材积的变异随着年龄增大而减小，１４～１８龄是生长变异由剧烈分化到趋向稳定的转折年龄，此时树高、胸径、材积等的幼龄至成熟龄相关达极显著水平，选择效率也处在较高水平，确定长白落叶松早期选择年龄为１４年。     

木材激光烧蚀设备总体结构设计

飞秒-纳秒量级脉冲激光烧蚀材料表面技术广泛应用于机械微加工、外科手术、生物分子质谱以及艺术品修复和清洁等领域。基于该技术,从激光烧蚀设备的结构、传动类型、部件选型、技术措施等方面对设备样机进行设计。     

Construction of a novel densitometer that utilizes a near-infrared laser system with Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii)

Abstract

A novel densitometer consisting of a continuous wave near-infrared (NIR) laser source and an avalanche photodiode module as the detector has been designed, which can rapidly and non-destructively measure the density of wood. The wood density of a small area (3.14 mm²) at the radial-transverse face was continuously estimated using the intensity of the transmitted light with the aid of the modified Lambert-Beer law. By conducting a validity evaluation with statistical coefficients, it was shown that the constructed system could obtain the sharp density profile compatible with X-ray densitometer [Root mean squared error of calibration (RMSEC) = 0.045 g cm^?3, Root mean squared error of validation (RMSEV) = 0.046 g cm^?3). It was concluded that the constructed NIR device has high performance from the viewpoint of operability, measuring time and safety.     

柑橘类植物精油的抗菌活性及其作用机制

柑橘类植物精油(CEOs)是从柑橘类植物中提取的芳香类混合物,其主要活性成分为D-柠檬烯(D?limonene),具有广泛的生物活性,包括抗菌、抗氧化和抗炎等.CEOs具有选择性抗菌活性,在动物生产中具有非常重要的应用价值.不同的CEOs具有不同的抗菌活性,研究其抗菌机制也具有非常重要的意义.本文着重介绍了CEOs的化...     

激光切割对马铃薯组培苗移栽后生长指标的影响

以机械剪切方式作为对照,使用以CO_2激光器在垂直照射、离焦量12 mm、光输出功率10 W的条件下的激光,对马铃薯组培苗进行无接触式切割,并对激光切割和机械剪切后马铃薯组培苗的生长情况进行对比试验。试验结果显示:使用激光进行马铃薯组培苗切割不会影响其生物活性;在培养21 d后,无论是单切口茎段还是双切口茎段,激光切割马铃薯组培苗的存活率、株高、节间数、节间长度、茎粗、根长、去根鲜质量等生长指标均优于机械剪切方式。试验结果表明,以激光切割方式代替传统机械剪切方式进行马铃薯组培苗的无接触式切割,极大简化了组培苗移栽时的动作,能有效避免组培苗交叉感染,促进移栽的组培苗茎段成活。