Using laser to measure stem thickness and cut weed stems

Summary Stem thickness of the weed Solanum nigrum and the crop sugarbeet was determined with a He–Ne laser using a novel non‐destructive technique measuring stem shadow. Thereafter, the stems were cut close to the soil surface with a CO₂ laser. Treatments were carried out on pot plants, grown in the greenhouse, at two different growth stages, and plant dry matter was measured 2–5 weeks after treatment. The relationship between plant dry weight and laser energy was analysed using two different non‐linear dose–response regression models; one model included stem thickness as a variable, the other did not. A binary model was also tested. The non‐linear model incorporating stem thickness described the data best, indicating that it would be possible to optimize laser cutting by measuring stem thickness before cutting. The general tendency was that more energy was needed the thicker the stem. Energy uses on a field scale are discussed.     

激光脉冲在橘子表皮打标的效果研究

为满足水果追溯条码清晰、耐久的要求,选取橘子为试验对象,对比纳秒激光和皮秒激光在其表面打印二维码的效果.试验结果表明:与纳秒激光相比,皮秒激光在橘子表皮上打印的线条平直度佳,轮廓清晰,对表皮的损伤更小.     

CO2激光对小麦UV-B损伤防护作用的热效应机制初步研究

以6.62mW·mm-2CO2激光处理小麦(TriticumaestivumL“)小偃22-2”干(Ds)湿(Ws)种子30s后,种子温度分别由23.8℃、22.6℃升至31℃、26℃。用培养箱设定温度模拟CO2激光热效应预处理小麦种子30s后,水培至12d幼苗,在22.5μW·cm-2UV-B下辐照11h,再暗培养14h后取叶测定相关生理指标。结果表明,激光处理使小麦干种子瞬间温度升高太大,升温预处理使叶绿素含量下降,紫外吸收物含量增加,不仅没有起到防护作用反而加重了伤害;而对于小麦湿种子来说,由于含水量增加,温升较适宜,从叶绿素和丙二醛(MDA)含量及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性来看,升温预处理减弱了UV-B辐照造成的损伤,但与对照相比,并不能完全抵消这种伤害。因而CO2激光致热对小麦UV-B损伤防护的生物效应还难以判定。     

影响激光熔覆质量的主要因素

激光熔覆层中的组织晶粒度和硬度高,稀释率低,抗摩擦磨损和抗腐蚀性能好;激光熔覆技术能改善零件质量,延长零件使用期限,提高生产系统的安全性和可靠性;本文分析了激光功率、光斑形状尺寸（或离焦量）和扫描速度、基体材料、熔覆层材料、搭接率等工艺参数对激光熔覆质量的影响规律及改善方法。     

9种常用杀螨剂对巴氏新小绥螨和二斑叶螨的毒力及毒力选择性研究

为使化学防治和保护利用捕食螨的生物防治措施相协调, 实现以螨治螨, 采用叶片残毒法分别测定了甘肃省保护地常用的9种杀螨剂对巴氏新小绥螨和二斑叶螨的LC50, 计算出各药剂的益害生物毒性选择指数(TSR)。供试药剂的毒性选择指数大小依次为：毒死蜱＞螺螨酯＞哒螨灵＞炔螨特＞唑螨酯＞阿维菌素＞三唑锡＞甲氰菊酯＞噻螨酮。其中, 毒死蜱和螺螨酯的毒性选择指数分别为10.864 1和9.361 3, 对巴氏新小绥螨和二斑叶螨均有较高的正向选择性, 毒死蜱和螺螨酯可优先用于生产中害虫(螨)的防治, 同时最大限度地保护了捕食螨, 实现对害虫(螨)化学防治和生物防治的相互协调。     

Challenges facing arthropod biological control: identifying traits for genetic improvement of predators in protected crops

Biological control is an efficient pest control method but there are still limitations that are hindering its wider adoption. Genetic improvement of biological control agents (BCAs) can help to overcome these constraints, but the choice of key attributes for better performance that need to be selected is still an open question. Several characteristics have been suggested but the harsh reality is that selective breeding of BCAs has received a lot of attention but resulted in very little progress. Identifying the appropriate traits to be prioritized may be the first step to reverse this situation. In our opinion, the best way is to look at the factors limiting the performance of key BCAs, especially generalist predators (pesticide compatibility, prey‐density dependence, non‐suitable crops, and extreme environmental conditions), and according to these challenges, to choose the attributes that would allow BCAs to overcome those limitations. The benefits of selection for higher resistance to toxins, whether artificially applied (pesticides) or plant produced (plant defenses); increased fitness when feeding on non‐prey food (supplemented or plant‐derived); and better adaptation to extreme temperature and humidity are discussed. In conclusion, genetic improvement of BCAs can bring about new opportunities to biocontrol industry and users to enhance biocontrol resilience. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry     

基于光学和超声联合定位的精密播种机导航技术研究

为了提高播种机的自主化作业水平,将光学和超声联合定位方法引入到了播种机导航系统的设计上,通过超声波测距和激光扫描的方法,实现了作业区域的定位和播种机行走路径的规划,从而提高了播种机作业的适应能力,提升了自主作业水平.为了验证方案的可行性,对基于光学和超声联合定位的导航系统进行了实验,并建立了一个有田垄的农田作业环境,展...     

基于激光诱导击穿光谱的地下水中Fe和Mn的检测

采用激光诱导击穿光谱(LIBS)技术并结合在锌基板上液固转换的样品处理方法,对标准水溶液样品中Fe、Mn进行检测,并根据标准曲线法建立Fe、Mn的定量模型;再利用所建立的LIBS定量模型,对洞庭湖区地下水实际水样中Fe、Mn含量进行检测,并与电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP–MS)的检测结果进行比较。结果表明：得到Fe、Mn的LIBS定标曲线的决定系数均大于0.98,相对标准偏差均为4.3%,留一交叉验证均方根误差分别为0.024、0.007 mg/L,Fe、Mn的检出限分别为0.028、0.008 mg/L;采用LIBS对洞庭湖地下水实际水样中Fe、Mn含量检测的结果与ICP–MS的检测结果基本一致,平均相对误差小于10%。     

脉冲激光轰击法连续制备纳米金掺杂YBCO

利用超声法获得钇钡铜氧（YBCO）和乙醇混合溶液,采用聚焦脉冲激光轰击浸于流动无水乙醇中的金靶,连续制备得到纳米金和乙醇混合溶胶.将纳米金和乙醇混合溶胶直接滴入接收器中的YBCO和乙醇混合溶液中,经干燥获得纳米金掺杂的YBCO材料.结果发现,纳米金未明显改变YBCO的吸放热现象,对样品的组成影响不大;掺杂0.01%、0.05%重量比例的纳米金后YBCO的结晶度和超导转变温度Tc均有所提高.