利用分子标记辅助选育白菜薹复等位基因型雄性不育系

为解决白菜薹杂种优势利用中的杂交制种手段问题,以大白菜复等位基因型雄性不育系为不育源,设计定向转育方案,采用连续回交的方法转育不育性和农艺性状,同时利用分子标记辅助选择目标基因型植株,向白菜薹自交系中转育不育基因,创制白菜薹雄性不育系。通过26对SSR引物的筛选鉴定,获得与显性雄性不育基因Ms紧密连锁、且同样可以标记同一位点恢复基因Msf和可育基因ms的分子标记GSSR1。经过3个世代的回交转育,创制出了具有100%不育度和100%不育株率的白菜薹复等位基因型雄性不育系BGMS-3。以BGMS-3为母本,与6个白菜薹自交系杂交,筛选出1个强优势组合C3。     

玉米籽粒的特征选择算法——基于支持向量机与遗传算法

在基于数字图像的玉米品种自动识别的研究中,寻找对识别贡献大的新特征项,对玉米品种识别率的提高具有十分重大的意义.把遗传算法和支持向量机算法相结合,设计了具体的基于支持向量机和遗传算法的玉米籽粒特征选择算法,利用这种算法优选提取出的玉米籽粒特征,从玉米籽粒的胚部和冠部的颜色特征与形状特征中找出了对玉米品种识别贡献较大的新特征.     

Estimation of genetic variance components and heritabilities for cut-flower yield in gerbera using least squares and maximum likelihood methods

Summary Genetic variance components and heritability were estimated for cut-flower yield of gerbera in the Davis population using ordinary least squares and maximum likelihood methods. The overall estimate of narrow-sense heritability is 0.33 based on least squares (LS) and 0.31 based on maximum likelihood (ML). The results of the study indicate that (1) ML and LS provide very similar results if sample size is large enough, suggesting both are useful for plant breeding programs; (2) about one third of the variation in gerbera cut-flower yield is additive, implying selection in cut-flower will be successful; and (3) although additive variation gradually decreased, heritability remained near 0.27 suggesting there is still potential variation in the population for further selection.     

陆地棉高品质系数量性状的遗传变异与选择指数

 研究了20个高品质陆地棉品系12个数量性状的遗传变异、广义遗传力、遗传相关及产量的选择指数。结果表明,单株产量和株铃数具有较大的遗传变异,纤维品质性状的遗传变异较小,说明继续改良高品质系的产量性状潜力较大。纤维品质性状的广义遗传力介于79.07%~89.47%之间,产量及产量组分性状中以衣分和铃重最高,广义遗传力分别为89.1%和81.85%,单株皮棉重最低,为55.05%。单株皮棉重与株铃数、株铃数与果枝数成极显著遗传正相关。利用与单株皮棉重遗传相关较强的多个性状构建的选择指数,比单纯选择单株皮棉重的效果好,其中以单株皮棉重、株铃数、果枝数和果节数结合选择的效果最佳。     

基于全子集-分位数回归的土壤含盐量反演研究

为提高植被覆盖条件下卫星遥感对土壤含盐量的估测精度,以河套灌区解放闸灌域为研究区,以高分一号卫星影像为数据源,同步采集不同深度土壤含盐量,通过全子集筛选法(Best subset selection)分析不同波段和光谱指数对于不同深度土壤含盐量的敏感性,并采用人工神经网络(Artificial neural network,ANN)、支持向量机(Support vector machine,SVM)和分位数回归(Quantile regression,QR) 3种方法,构建全子集筛选前后0～20 cm、20～40 cm、0～40 cm、40～60 cm、0～60 cm等不同深度下的土壤含盐量反演模型。结果表明,B4、BI、SI1、SI3是0～20 cm、0～40 cm处土壤含盐量的敏感变量组合,B4、BI、NDVI为20～40 cm、40～60 cm、0～60 cm处土壤含盐量的敏感变量组合;在各深度下,分位数回归模型的精度最高,模型的决定系数R2c1、R2v1均在0. 4以上,均方根误差RMSEc1、RMSEv1均小于0. 4%,SVM次之,ANN最差;在20～40 cm深度下QR反演模型效果优于其他深度,为本文土壤含盐量估算的最优模型,其建模和验证的决定系数R2c1、R2v1分别为0. 611和0. 671,建模和验证均方根误差RMSEc1、RMSEv1分别为0. 177%和0. 160%。本研究可为卫星遥感大范围监测植被覆盖条件下土壤盐渍化程度提供参考。     

玉米果穗剥皮辊型及其主要参数优选试验

在前人研究基础上，用实验法在室内专用试验台架上对玉米果穗剥皮辊型及其主要运动与结构参数进行多指标正交试验，以求进一步摸清各参数对剥皮性能影响程度及其变化规律，寻求较优参数组合，为研究设计米果穗剥皮机械提供科学依据。     

Field performance and molecular diversification of lemon selections

Lemon (Citrus limon (L.) Burm. f.) is one of the most important Citrus fruit for Turkey because of its great amount of production and export. It has been cultivated for a long time in Turkey, and therefore variations for agronomical traits are likely among cultivated lemons due to bud mutations and, hybridizations. The objectives of this study were to determine variations for some selected agronomical traits and genetic markers among 12 new lemons derived from selections. Tree growth, yield, fruit quality, and molecular diversification of these clones were determined. After four years of evaluation, ‘Kutdiken’ M-51 indicated the highest canopy volume. For yield per tree, the best clone was ‘Kutdiken’ M-51. After five years of evaluation, ‘Kibris’ M-54 had the highest fruit weight and acidity. ‘Italian Memeli’ M-56 contained the lowest seed number and the highest total soluble solids. Molecular analysis, as assessed with 22 random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and 11 inter simple sequence repeats (ISSR) primers, indicated that seven of twelve clones were separated with RAPD markers, whereas four were distinguished with ISSR markers. Combined analysis of RAPD and ISSR data detected that similarity values among the lemons clones were between 0.97 and 1.00. It can be concluded that variations in orchards are abundant and mainly due to mutations.     

A SCAR marker linked to the N gene for resistance to root knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) in pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)

The root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) are important nematode pests and cause serious diseases in pepper in the world. No molecular markers linked to the nematodes resistance N gene have been reported. In this paper, ‘Carolina Wonder’ (Capsicum annuum L.), a sweet pepper line resistant to root-knot nematode with N gene, ‘20080-5-29’ (C. annuum L.), an inbred line susceptible to root-knot nematode with good horticultural characteristics, and their F₂ progeny with 320 individuals were used as materials. Evaluation of resistance and susceptibility of parental lines, F₁ and F₂ progeny inoculated with root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne incognita) were carried out. ‘Bulked segregant analysis’ method was used to search for polymorphic markers from 512 pairs of AFLP primers. Based on the assessment of resistance and susceptibility and polymorphism of the AFLP marker in F₂ population, the genetic linkage distance between the AFLP marker and the N gene was estimated. One AFLP marker E39/M41-339 was obtained and transferred to a SCAR marker amplifying a 315 bp DNA fragment linked to the N resistant allele and a 331 bp fragment linked to the N⁺ susceptible allele. The distance between the molecular marker and the nematodes resistance N gene is 6.3 cM. This research delivered a valuable tool for the marker assisted selection of nematodes resistance in pepper.     

Multi-scale use of lands providing anthropogenic resources by American Crows in an urbanizing landscape

The conversion of forests and farmlands to human settlements has negative impacts on many native species, but also provides resources that some species are able to exploit. American Crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos), one such exploiter, create concern due to their impact as nest predators, disease hosts, and cultural harbingers of evil. We used various measures of crow abundance and resource use to determine crows’ response to features of anthropogenic landscapes in the Puget Sound region of the United States. We examined land cover and land use composition at three spatial scales: study sites (up to 208 ha), crow home ranges within sites (18.1 ha), and local land cover (400 m²). At the study site and within-site scales crow abundance was strongly correlated with land cover providing anthropogenic resources. In particular, crows were associated with the amount of ‘maintained forest’ cover, and were more likely to use grass and shrub cover than forest or bare soil cover. Although crows did not show a generalized response to an edge variable, they exhibited greater use of patchy habitat created by human settlements than of native forests. Radio-tagged territorial adults used resources within their home ranges relatively evenly, suggesting resource selection had occurred at a larger spatial scale. The land conversion pattern of new suburban and exurban settlements creates the mix of impervious surfaces and maintained vegetation that crows use, and in our study area crow populations are expected to continue to increase. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

黄瓜根际促生菌的促生效应与防病作用

对黄瓜植物根际促生菌(PGPR)菌株的分离筛选、分类鉴定以及人们对其促生防病作用的应用和防病机制的研究现状进行了综述,以期为新型PGPR制剂的进一步研制、开发和应用提供参考.