Effect of sand-fixing vegetation on the hydrological regulation function of sand dunes and its practical significance

Soil water content is a key controlling factor for vegetation restoration in sand dunes. The deep seepage and lateral migration of water in dunes affect the recharge process of deep soil water and groundwater in sand dune ecosystems. To determine the influence of vegetation on the hydrological regulation function of sand dunes, we examined the deep seepage and lateral migration of dune water with different vegetation coverages during the growing season in the Horqin Sandy Land, China. The results showed that the deep seepage and lateral migration of water decreased with the increase in vegetation coverage on the dunes. The accumulated deep seepage water of mobile dunes (vegetation coverage<5%) and dunes with vegetation coverage of 18.03%, 27.12%, and 50.65% accounted for 56.53%, 51.82%, 18.98%, and 0.26%, respectively, of the rainfall in the same period. The accumulated lateral migration of water in these dunes accounted for 12.39%, 6.33%, 2.23%, and 7.61% of the rainfall in the same period. The direction and position of the dune slope affected the soil water deep seepage and lateral migration process. The amounts of deep seepage and lateral migration of water on the windward slope were lower than those on the leeward slope. The amounts of deep seepage and lateral migration of water showed a decreasing trend from the bottom to the middle and to the top of the dune slope. According to the above results, during the construction of sand-control projects in sandy regions, we suggest that a certain area of mobile dunes (>13.75%) should be retained as a water resource reservoir to maintain the water balance of artificial fixed dune ecosystems. These findings provide reliable evidence for the accurate assessment of water resources within the sand dune ecosystem and guide the construction of desertification control projects.     

山区河道生态防洪堤关键问题及对策

根据山区河道的特点,探讨修筑生态防洪堤时的堤线布置、堤型选择、渗流及渗透稳定、河岸边坡整体稳定安全如何与堤防护岸的生态性有机结合等关键问题,结合充分利用当地材料修筑的生态防洪堤典型结构设计方案,提出了相应对策。     

Seepage Resistance and Moisture Proof of Concrete Using Electro osmotic Pulse

Seepage resistance and moisture proof of concrete structure is a hard work in civil engineering. The influence factors of seepage resistance and moisture proof of concrete using Electro Osmotic Pulse (EOP), such as electric voltage, water to cement ratio of concrete, ion concentration in liquid phase, and pulse frequency, were analyzed. Simulating experiment of EOP used to drain water and reduce relatively humidity of concrete structure is executed. The results show that, volume of water seepage is improved due to application of EOP in concrete with increase of electric voltage, W/C of concrete, and concentration of sodium sulfate. And pulse frequency has little effect on volume of water seepage. The results are also presented that effect of dewatering and humidity reducing are remarkable when EOP is applied in concrete structure.     

ANSYS有限元生死单元技术在砼面板堆石坝渗流计算中的研究与应用

在渗流基本理论和控制方程的基础上,建立面板堆石坝有限元渗流计算数学模型,并利用渗流场和温度场的相似性,通过大型有限元计算软件ANSYS,采用生死单元技术,"杀死"浸润线上部的单元,"激活"处于浸润线下部的单元,施加相应的边界条件,对坝体渗流问题进行仿真模拟计算,求得面板堆石坝的浸润线和坝体内渗流流速.工程实例计算结果表明:该方法计算精度满足工程要求,且方法简便,成果直观.     

土工膜防渗工程的渗流计算探讨

土工膜是一种新型防渗材料,在渠道、堤防、水库等防渗工程中已经得到了广泛的应用,但关于土工膜防渗工程的渗流计算方面还有待研究。基于土工膜的渗流机理,将发生在土工膜中的渗流分为土工膜本身渗透和土工膜缺陷渗漏两类,分别进行分析。根据原型观测资料进行反演,从平均意义上对土工膜的渗流系数进行取值,可以从宏观上解决土工膜缺陷难以确定的问题。最后分析了等效土体法进行土工膜防渗土石坝渗流计算的误差来源,指出在实际计算时,需要进行相应的误差分析。     

土坝渗透系数反分析方法研究

通过分析土石坝渗流的影响因素 ,分析渗透系数反演的二种情况 ,即单一区域渗流量有丰富的实测资料的情况和坝后总渗流量有实测资料的情况 ,并分别提出针对这二种情况的渗透系数反演方法     

现浇混凝土渠道防渗加固施工技术

对现浇混凝土渠道防渗加固施工技术详细说明,阐述该技术的优点,介绍该技术的施工浇程,系统分析该技术在施工过程中需要特别关注的要点.     

夹砂层状土条件下渠道渗漏的室内试验和数值模拟

为了解渠床含有夹砂层情况下的渠道渗漏规律,开展了均质土（砂壤土）和层状土（含夹砂层）条件下的室内渠道渗漏试验,对不同渠道水位、渠床土质结构影响下渠道渗漏量的变化以及土壤中湿润锋的前进过程进行了试验观测。选用饱和－非饱和土壤水、热和溶质运移模拟软件HYDRUS-2D,对室内试验过程进行了模拟验证及分析。结果表明,渠床中禁锢气体的存在可能阻碍湿润锋行进,使模拟结果产生误差。但总体来说基于Richards方程的饱和－非饱和土壤水分运动模型能够对含有夹砂层渠床的渠道渗漏及土壤水分运动进行模拟。当渠床中有砂质夹层时,湿润锋在交界面处会出现不连续的现象。夹砂层的阻水减渗现象在渠道水位较低时比较明显,当渠道水位较高时,夹砂层的存在甚至会增大入渗量。研究成果可为渠床含有砂层情况下的渠道防渗技术提供参考。     

雨滴打击与壤中流交互作用对横坡垄作坡面侵蚀过程的影响

横坡垄作是被广泛采用的保护性耕作措施之一。垄沟低洼处的积水可诱发壤中流,并可造成雨滴打击对土壤颗粒分离/搬运的增强与减弱作用并存。因此,横坡垄作坡面雨滴打击与壤中流交互作用对土壤侵蚀过程的影响有别于传统坡面。基于人工模拟降雨试验,对有/无雨滴打击作用(RI,WRI)自由入渗(FD)和壤中流(SP)2种试验处理下的产流、产沙过程进行了探究。结果表明:(1)径流量表现为SP+WRI>SP+RI>FD+RI>FD+WRI。雨滴打击作用和壤中流对径流的贡献分别为-47.09%~54.37%和41.96%~85.62%。(2)侵蚀量表现为SP+RI>SP+WRI>FD+RI>FD+WRI。雨滴打击作用和壤中流对侵蚀量的贡献分别为12.92%~94.94%和25.83%~97.28%。(3)自由入渗试验处理下,雨滴打击作用对产流过程影响不明显;土壤饱和后,雨滴打击作用和壤中流的存在均使产流、产沙过程波动幅度更大。(4)有/无雨滴打击作用,自由入渗试验处理下的侵蚀量与产流率符合幂函数关系,而壤中流试验处理下二者符合指数关系。研究结果有助于加深对横坡垄作坡面土壤侵蚀过程的认识,为横坡垄作坡面水土流失综合治理提供理论支撑。     

基于HYDRUS模型的江苏如东盐渍土一维淋滤渗流试验研究

通过自行设计一维圆柱型淋滤渗流柱,采用原位回填装填盐碱土样,在人为设定降雨条件下,通过盐分传感器监测获取土壤水盐运移、渗滤液离子成分的监测数据.HYDRUS软件模拟水盐运移,含水量和盐分浓度的模拟结果表明模型可信度高,弥散度改变对土壤最终含盐量变化没有明显影响,但对在土壤干湿交替条件下不同阶段排盐量的比例分配有明显作用;当等温吸附系数整体降低时,土壤中盐浓度到达峰值所需时间减少,土壤排盐量增加.等温吸附系数较小的,对降雨量和降雨频率响应更明显,排盐效果更好.