移栽秧龄对机插杂交稻产量及群体质量的影响

为探明中、迟熟型杂交稻品种在不同机插秧龄条件下的适应性及品种间生长发育及产量的差异,研究了不同移栽秧龄对机插中、迟熟杂交稻产量及群体质量的影响。结果表明,21 d适龄移栽杂交稻的产量、各生育时期的群体茎蘖数、分蘖成穗率、叶面积指数、抽穗后剑叶光合、群体透光、抽穗期的有效叶面积、高效叶面积、有效叶面积率以及高效叶面积率显著大于迟栽处理。品种选择上,迟熟杂交稻品种无论在产量还是在各群体指标方面均优于中熟品种,尤其是迟熟型中F优498分蘖力中等,株型好,这些特征改善了机插条件下杂交稻群体光合生产和通风透光状况,穗型大且穗粒数较多,茎蘖成穗率较高,秧龄弹性较大,可适当延长秧龄到28 d也能保持较高产量。中熟型中辐优838虽然穗数多,但其穗粒数限制了产量的增加,且其分蘖力过强,导致无效分蘖过多,对机插产量的发挥造成一定影响。研究结果为生产中选择机插适栽秧龄及高产杂交稻品种提供参考。     

高速插秧机钵体毯状苗纵向送秧装置的设计与试验

基于现有高速插秧机平台,改进设计适用于钵体毯状苗的纵向送秧装置。对钵体毯状苗的插秧特点进行分析。针对钵体毯状苗对纵向送秧装置的要求,对纵向送秧装置进行了详细的理论分析和设计。通过Solidworks建模并对装置的工作状态进行虚拟仿真。设计加工样机进行试验分析,试验结果表明,多次纵向送秧误差均在2 mm以内,且不存在累积误差,故满足设计要求。保证了机器在高速工作状况下,纵向送秧的精度和非送秧过程时秧苗的纵向位置固定。该文设计的纵向送秧装置使得钵体毯状苗在插秧机平台上的纵向送秧:精准、稳定、可靠。为钵体毯状苗实现高速机械插秧提供了可靠的设计方案和理论依据。     

晋西苹果与大豆间作系统土壤养分分布特征

为了研究晋西黄土区果农间作系统中土壤养分分布特征,选取研究区具有典型代表性的4,6和8年生苹果(Malus pumila)+大豆(Glycine max)间作系统为研究对象,对间作系统土壤养分(速效钾、速效磷、有机质、全氮)含量进行了定位、定量监测。结果表明:(1)在垂直方向上,不同树龄苹果+大豆间作系统速效钾、速效磷和有机质含量均随着土层深度增加而减少,而全氮含量表现为先增加再减少;(2)在水平方向上,随着距树行距离的增加,4年生间作系统与6年生间作系统土壤养分总体上呈现"W"型分布,而在8年生间作系统中呈现"M"型分布(全氮除外),极值分别出现在距树行1.5,2.5,3.5m处,且极大值点养分含量与极小值点含量有显著差异(p0.05);(3)随着树龄增长,果树与农作物的养分竞争关系逐渐发生变化,且在8年生间作系统中养分竞争最激烈。基于间作系统土壤养分特征,建议在田间施肥管理时,应以施氮肥为主,且随着树龄的增长应该适时增大复合界面的距离或停止复合经营。     

黄土丘陵沟壑区不同侵蚀环境下幼苗库动态变化特征

幼苗是植物生活史中一个不可缺失的阶段,对自然植被恢复起着非常重要的作用。为了探索黄土丘陵沟壑区不同侵蚀环境下幼苗库的动态变化特征,选择5种不同侵蚀环境(阳沟坡、阳峁坡、峁顶、阴峁坡、阴沟坡)下的15个样地,通过野外定点跟踪调查,运用单因素方差分析法对幼苗物种数、幼苗密度、物种多样性进行了分析。结果表明:(1)不同侵蚀环境下幼苗物种数从阴沟坡到阴峁坡、峁顶、阳峁坡、阳沟坡依次减少,且幼苗物种组成存在差异;生长季内不同月份间幼苗物种数呈现先波动性增大后降低的动态变化趋势,最大值出现在9月初。(2)不同侵蚀环境间幼苗密度差异性显著,阴峁坡最大,阳沟坡最小;不同月份间幼苗密度具有明显的先升后降的动态变化特征,最大值出现在7月初,最小值出现在4月初或11月中旬。(3)不同侵蚀环境间阴坡幼苗物种丰富多样,阳坡幼苗物种较为单一;不同月份间幼苗物种多样性指数和丰富度指数呈现出4—9月份逐渐增大至峰值,10月初和11月中旬稍有降低的趋势。     

Fertilizer location modifies root zone salinity,root morphology,and water‐stress resistance of tree seedlings according to the watering regime in a dryland reforestation

There is a direct relationship between soil nutrient concentration in localized zones and root proliferation and elongation under well‐watered conditions. However, in field studies under semiarid conditions this relationship can change due to higher salt accumulation and soil dryness that affect root growth, water stress resistance, and seedling survival. We assessed the effect of different locations of fertilizer placement in the soil profile and water availability on root zone salinity, root development and ecophysiological responses of Quillaja saponaria Mol. after outplanting. A single dose (6 g L^?1) of controlled‐release nitrogen fertilizer (CRF_N) was placed at 0 cm (top layer), 15 cm (middle layer), or 30 cm (bottom layer) depth in the containers in a greenhouse, in addition to an unfertilized treatment (control). After 6 months, seedlings were transplanted to the field and subjected to weekly watering regimes (2 L plant^?1 and unwatered). Morphological and ecophysiological parameters were periodically measured on seedlings, as well as soil electrical conductivity (EC). After 1 year, the shoot : root ratio of unwatered seedlings decreased as a function of CRF_N placement depth, which was attributed to lower shoot growth and not to greater root growth. The root morphology of the bottom layer treatment was negatively affected by high EC in unwatered seedlings. Greater total root length and root volume of the middle layer treatment was found only when well‐watered; however, this did not contribute to improve physiological responses against water stress. The lowest EC and the highest photochemical efficiency, net photosynthesis, and stomatal conductance were shown by unfertilized seedlings, independent of water availability. Our findings suggest that varying depth of CRF_N placement does not contribute significantly to improve root growth under water restriction. Water supplements, independently of the CRF_N location in the substrate, contribute to decrease root zone salinity, and consequently, improve root volume growth.     

不同生境下锌镉在伴矿景天不同叶龄叶中的富集与分布特征

田间试验、温室盆栽和生长室水培试验研究了Zn和Cd超富集植物伴矿景天不同叶龄叶片的Zn、Cd富集和分布特征。结果显示,田间条件下伴矿景天新叶中Cd浓度高于成熟叶、但新叶中Zn浓度低于成熟叶。温室盆栽试验发现,连续种植伴矿景天,第4季时低污染土壤（S1）上新叶中Zn浓度低于成熟叶,但高污染土壤（S4）上新叶中Zn浓度高于成熟叶;而到了第6季,S1、S4上新叶中Zn浓度均低于成熟叶,且在S1上两者达到显著水平;第4和第6季,伴矿景天新叶中Cd浓度始终高于成熟叶（除S1成熟叶中Cd浓度略高于新叶外）。水培试验结果发现,无论在高Zn（600 mmol/L）、高Cd（100 mmol/L）,还是低Zn（10 mmol/L）、低Cd（1 mmol/L）处理,新叶中Zn、Cd浓度均高于成熟叶;而且随着处理时间的延长,新叶和成熟叶中Zn、Cd浓度均明显上升。水培条件下,新叶和成熟叶中Zn最高分别为43 107、33 774 mg/kg（以干重计）（600 mmol/L,处理56 天）;新叶和成熟叶中Cd的最高浓度分别为15 057、9 060 mg/kg（以干重计）（100 mmol/L Cd,处理56 天）。这些结果表明,Zn、Cd在伴矿景天新叶和成熟叶中富集和分布与其生长介质中Zn、Cd的浓度尤其是有效态浓度、处理时间及植物所处的生长阶段等有关,同时也表明Zn、Cd优先分布于新叶可能与伴矿景天超富集Zn、Cd的机制有关。     

Stabilization mechanisms of organic matter in four temperate soils: Development and application of a conceptual model

Based on recent findings in the literature, we developed a process‐oriented conceptual model that integrates all three process groups of organic matter (OM) stabilization in soils namely (1) selective preservation of recalcitrant compounds, (2) spatial inaccessibility to decomposer organisms, and (3) interactions of OM with minerals and metal ions. The model concept relates the diverse stabilization mechanisms to active, intermediate, and passive pools. The formation of the passive pool is regarded as hierarchical structured co‐action of various processes that are active under specific pedogenetic conditions. To evaluate the model, we used data of pool sizes and turnover times of soil OM fractions from horizons of two acid forest and two agricultural soils. Selective preservation of recalcitrant compounds is relevant in the active pool and particularly in soil horizons with high C contents. Biogenic aggregation preserves OM in the intermediate pool and is limited to topsoil horizons. Spatial inaccessibility due to the occlusion of OM in clay microstructures and due to the formation of hydrophobic surfaces stabilizes OM in the passive pool. If present, charcoal contributes to the passive pool mainly in topsoil horizons. The importance of organo‐mineral interactions for OM stabilization in the passive pool is well‐known and increases with soil depth. Hydrophobicity is particularly relevant in acid soils and in soils with considerable inputs of charcoal. We conclude that the stabilization potentials of soils are site‐ and horizon‐specific. Furthermore, management affects key stabilization mechanisms. Tillage increases the importance of organo‐mineral interactions for OM stabilization, and in Ap horizons with high microbial activity and C turnover, organo‐mineral interactions can contribute to OM stabilization in the intermediate pool. The application of our model showed that we need a better understanding of processes causing spatial inaccessibility of OM to decomposers in the passive pool.     

黄土高原刺槐林对土壤养分时空分布的影响

以不同树龄刺槐纯林林地和撂荒地作对比,研究了黄土高原刺槐人工林对土壤养分时空分布特征的影响。结果表明,刺槐林地土壤有机质、pH值、全氮、有效氮、有效磷、速效钾、交换性钙和交换性盐基总量随刺槐树龄增加无明确变化规律,土壤全磷和交换性镁含量则呈现波动性变化;刺槐林地土壤有机质、全氮、有效氮含量随土壤深度增加按幂函数衰减,有效磷含量有递减趋势,土壤全磷、速效钾、交换性钙、交换性镁和交换性盐基总量随土壤深度增加无明显变化规律,而土壤pH随深度呈波动性变化;与撂荒地相比,刺槐林地土壤有机质、全氮、有效氮、有效磷、速效钾、交换性钙、交换性镁含量及交换性盐基总量分别增加21.6%~96.8%,34.3%~160.1%,191.5%~238.4%,2.1%~24.1%,19.82%~92.71%,64.2%~80.0%,25.0%~46.5%和67.2%~89.5%,表明刺槐林对改善土壤养分状况具有重要作用。     

不同林龄杉木人工林土壤团聚体及其有机碳变化特征

土壤团聚体作为土壤结构性状的重要指标,对土壤孔隙、持水、保水等状况都有重要影响;土壤团聚体有机碳除了反映土壤固碳状况外,还与团聚体的稳定性能密切相关,研究森林土壤团聚体及其有机碳状况,旨在为合理利用土壤、提高人工林水源涵养功能提供依据。为此,以福建省洋口国有林场不同林龄杉木人工林(幼龄林、中龄林、成熟林)土壤为研究对象,通过野外调查、采样和室内分析,研究不同林龄杉木人工林土壤团聚体及其有机碳变化特征。结果表明:不同林龄杉木人工林对土壤团聚体及其有机碳具有重要影响,成熟林土壤大团聚体含量、团聚体平均重量直径(MWD)、团聚体有机碳含量及贡献率均分别大于幼龄林、中龄林;不同林龄的土壤水稳性团聚体均以大团聚体(粒径0.25 mm)为主,占59.57%～80.97%,粒径0.053 mm的仅占0.80%;土壤团聚体有机碳贡献率也以大团聚为主,其中以2～0.25 mm粒级贡献率最高,达58.43%;另外,土壤有机碳含量与团聚体MWD呈显著正相关,且具有明显的垂直变化特征,即随土层加深而下降。因此,土壤有机碳对团聚体稳定性具有积极作用,不同林龄土壤团聚体稳定性及有机碳变化规律为成熟林幼龄林中龄林。     

油菜机械移栽载苗基质块力学与生物学特性分析

为保证油菜载苗基质块具有良好的机械移栽适应性和幼苗生长质量,该文针对油菜机械移栽过程中载苗基质易出现破损导致取送苗失效问题,以正方体油菜载苗基质块为研究对象,对载苗基质块力学特性和生物学特性进行研究,开展以基质成分配比(蚯蚓粪:黄棕壤∶蛭石混合体积比为1∶2∶1、1∶1∶1和2∶1∶1)、基质压实度(基质与穴孔体积比为1.0、1.2和1.4)、硼硒营养液浓度(0.24%、0.27%和0.30%)为因素的正交试验。结果表明:基质成分配比和基质压实度对油菜载苗基质块力学特性影响分别为极显著和显著;基质成分配比及基质压实度对幼苗壮苗指数影响极显著,硼硒营养液浓度对其影响显著;基质成分配比和基质压实度均对基质包裹度及根系健壮度影响极显著,硼硒营养液浓度对基质包裹度及根系健壮度影响显著。采用综合评分法得出基质成分配比为1∶1∶1、基质压实度为1.2、硼硒营养液浓度为0.30%时油菜载苗基质块力学特性及幼苗生长质量较优。对上述因素组合所育油菜载苗基质块进行台架试验可知:在移栽机横向推苗速度20 mm/s,同步输送带速度30 mm/s,取苗频率40株/min试验条件下,基质损失率为2.57%、送取苗成功率为90.93%,满足机械移栽需求。