气吸圆盘式微型薯排种器设计与试验

针对微型薯等大粒种子不易充种问题,设计了一种可振动供种的气吸圆盘式微型薯排种器。阐述了该排种器的工作原理,通过理论计算与数值模拟,确定了其主要结构参数。为寻求最佳工作参数组合,采用三因素四水平正交试验方法,对排种器进行排种性能试验,结果表明:影响其排种性能的主次因素依次为作业速度、振动频率和吸种负压,较优参数组合为作业速度2.4 km/h、振动频率6.5 Hz、吸种负压6 k Pa,在此条件下排种合格指数为94.2、漏播指数为1.7、重播指数为4.1,满足微型薯的精密播种要求。研究了振动供种机构对微型薯造成的损伤情况:在不同的振动频率下,微型薯的破损率均小于1%,振动供种机构对微型薯的损伤不大。     

滴灌灌水量对复播油葵耗水特性和产量的影响

2010年通过大田滴灌试验,研究了不同灌水量对复播油葵耗水特性和产量的影响。在灌水次数相同的情况下,设置了4个灌水处理,灌水定额分别为30、37.5、45、60mm。试验结果表明,复播油葵全生育期耗水量,开花期>现蕾期>苗期>灌浆期>成熟期;回归分析初步得出,滴灌油葵适宜的灌溉定额范围为285.19～287.67mm。     

桂南地区杉木马尾松人工实生林多形地位指数曲线模型

利用桂南地区收集的人工实生林分标准地材料和优势解析木杉木９３株，马尾松１６２株，建立优势高生长Ｒｉｃｈａｒｄｓ模型。用参数预估法编制桂南地区的杉木、马尾松实生林多形地位指数表。杉木、马尾松各指数级曲线拟合平均剩余标准差分别是０．２９４３ｍ和０．２３２３ｍ；经另外６８株和５２株优势解析木检验，预报误差分别为０．４８７ｍ和０．５０６ｍ，适应性好。     

播种造林种基盘基质的改良研究

 为提高干旱半干旱地区植被恢复中的种子发芽率、成活率和初期生长量,提出了局部改善植物生长环境的技术,即播种造林的种基盘绿化技术。实验研究了添加物对种基盘基质水分特性的影响和使用种基盘绿化技术对植物生长的影响。结果表明:通过添加土壤活性改良剂,可以提高种基盘基质的透水性和吸水速率,降低其表面蒸发量,并能促进植物的地上部生长;添加土壤侵蚀防止剂,对种基盘基质的透水性及植物的生长没有显著的影响,但对于维持种基盘形状、提高施工效果很有帮助;通过种基盘进行播种造林,可以增加根的生长粗度,并能促进植物根系向土壤深处发展,从而有利于提高苗木的抗旱能力。     

电磁振动排种器振动特性的理论分析

排种器是播种机械的核心,是决定播种机性能的主要因素。在设计排种器时,首先要对其进行振动特性分析,找出影响排种器排种性能的因素,并作为后续设计的理论依据。为此,介绍了电磁振动排种器的工作原理,并对其振动特性进行了理论分析,从而为电磁振动排种器的设计提供了理论依据。     

2CYL-450型水稻秧盘育秧播种流水线的研制

在分析国内外水稻秧盘育秧播种流水线特点的基础上,针对播种器容易伤芽、没有除杂环节、整机操作劳动强度大等不足之处,研制了2CYL-450型水稻秧盘育秧播种流水线;介绍了该流水线的组成、工作原理、主要技术参数及结构特点.设计的播种器由勺式槽轮将种子从种箱中播出,落于筛分板上,经振动筛分、除杂后进入到与其安装为一体的V形槽板上,沿V形槽板有序排队,最后经出口播出.设计的双层秧盘供送装置,通过光电传感器与供送装置实现了依次定位输送秧盘.整个流水线结构简单、操作简便、播种精度好、生产效率高.     

Earthworm populations and growth rates related to long-term crop residue and tillage management

Conventional tillage creates soil physical conditions that may restrict earthworm movement and accelerate crop residue decomposition, thus reducing the food supply for earthworms. These negative impacts may be alleviated by retaining crop residues in agroecosystems. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of various tillage and crop residue management practices on earthworm populations in the field and earthworm growth under controlled conditions. Population assessments were conducted at two long-term (15+ years) experimental sites in Québec, Canada with three tillage systems: moldboard plow/disk harrow (CT), chisel plow or disk harrow (RT) and no tillage (NT), as well as two levels of crop residue inputs (high and low). Earthworm growth was assessed in intact soil cores from both sites. In the field, earthworm populations and biomass were greater with long-term NT than CT and RT practices, but not affected by crop residue management. Laboratory growth rates of Aporrectodea turgida (Eisen) in intact soil cores were affected by tillage and residue inputs, and were positively correlated with the soil organic C pool, suggesting that tillage and residue management practices that increase the soil organic C pool provide more organic substrates for earthworm growth. The highest earthworm growth rates were in soils from RT plots with high residue input, which differed from the response of earthworm populations to tillage and residue management treatments in the field. Our results suggest that tillage-induced disturbance probably has a greater impact than food availability on earthworm populations in cool, humid agroecosystems.     

Can placement of seed away from relic stubble limit Rhizoctonia root rot in direct-seeded wheat?

Rhizoctonia root rot of wheat can be a problem in no-till systems, especially during the transition from conventional tillage. There are no effective chemical controls or resistant varieties, leaving only cultural methods to manage this disease. In a no-till system, residue and inoculum of soilborne pathogens are not moved by cultivation, therefore the inoculum may be concentrated in the seeding row of the previous year. Using GPS tracking systems with sub-meter accuracy, the seeding row could be placed away from the row of the previous year. We tested the hypothesis that seeding away from the relic row may reduce Rhizoctonia root rot. In two field experiments, plants were sampled at three distances from the seed row, as well as from fumigated plots. Intact soil cores were also removed from the field, planted with seeds at various distances from the previous row, and grown in the greenhouse under controlled conditions. Pasteurized cores served as controls. Disease levels were higher in the field in the second year, but there was no consistent effect of seed row placement on disease or plant parameters. However, soil fumigation and pasteurization had significant effects, indicating that soilborne pathogens were active. Inoculum of Rhizoctonia is not produced in the crowns and lower stems of the plant, but the pathogen survives in living and dead roots of the previous year crop, volunteers, and grassy weeds. Thus, high inoculum densities may be present in between the relic rows, as well as within the rows. If this is the situation with Rhizoctonia, precision placement of seed rows would not be efficacious.     

Effects of fragmentation on pollinator assemblage, pollen limitation and seed production of Mediterranean myrtle (Myrtus communis)

Pollinator assemblages may shift as a consequence of the destruction and fragmentation of natural habitats. The scarcity of mates and pollinators can lead plant populations to suffer from pollen limitation and a decrease in reproductive performance within fragmented areas. We studied the shift in pollinator assemblages along with pollen limitation and seed production patterns in the Mediterranean shrub Myrtus communis. Our study included six populations contrasting in patch and population size (Large vs. Small) within a fragmented landscape characterized by ∼1% of potential forest coverage. The breeding system in Myrtus communis was self-compatible, but compared with natural pollination, fruit set increased with pollen addition (quantity limited), and seed set (brood size) increased with outcross pollen addition (quality limited). While the pollinator assemblage in Large patches was taxonomically diverse, it was almost monopolized by honeybees in Small patches, where visitation rates were highest and wild bee species were almost absent. In general, Small populations were less pollen limited for fruit set than Large populations, particularly those that received the highest rates of honeybee visits. However, despite differences in fragmentation and pollinators between Large and Small populations, seed production patterns (brood size and seed mass) were rather similar among them, in agreement with similar pollen limitation levels found for brood size. A higher susceptibility of native pollinators to the presence of honeybee hives was found in Small patches, suggesting that the pollinator assemblage may be severely altered when fragmentation occurs in combination with beekeeping. We discuss its implications and effects on plant reproduction in fragmented areas.     

农户采用直播对水稻生产效率的影响

为探究人工直播技术在中国南方大量采用带来的效果,基于中国南方4省420个农户574个水稻生产周期的投入产出数据,从劳动生产率、土地生产率和技术效率3个角度,多维度考察直播技术对水稻生产效率的影响。结果表明：1)直播技术采用显著提高水稻劳动生产率;2)直播技术采用对水稻土地生产率的影响不显著;3)直播技术采用降低水稻技术效率,但是在区分农户种植规模情况下,随着水稻种植规模的增加并达到一定的临界值,该影响变得不显著。因此,水稻直播技术采用是劳动力成本的不断上升背景下的重要应对策略,该技术变化是中国诱致性技术变迁理论的重要体现。另外,种植规模小的农户为了节约劳动力,可以承担一定程度的产量损失,表明水稻生产方式已经从集约式完全转变为粗放经营的生产方式。为发挥人工直播技术对水稻生产效率的正向影响,应挖掘该技术的优势和潜力,着重完善其配套设施和条件,如平整土地和土地互换,并进一步推动直播技术在达到一定水稻种植规模的农户中推广。