Influence of Seeding Depth and Seedbed Preparation on Establishment, Growth and Yield of Fibre Flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) in Eastern Canada

Research was conducted at the Macdonald Campus of McGill University (Québec, Canada) at three sites in 1997 and one site in 1998 to determine the effects and interactions of seeding depth (0, 1, 2, 4 or 6 cm) and seedbed preparation (i.e. soil rolling): none, rolling before or rolling after seeding on fibre flax (cv. Ariane) establishment, growth and yield. Seedbed preparation had little impact on the parameters measured while seeding depth had a variable effect on plant density, plant height, stem diameter and retted straw yield. Seeding depths of 1–4 cm provided consistently good establishment, growth and yield results. In 1997, there was an interaction between seeding depth and seedbed preparation on plant height, branching ratio and retted straw yield, although results were generally variable and tended to be site‐specific. In 1998, there was an interaction between seeding depth and seedbed preparation on plant height and stem diameter prior to harvest, with the results varying for all seeding depth‐seedbed preparation treatment combinations except for the 2‐cm depth treatment. Rolling of the seedbed before seeding on lighter soils and at a depth of 2 cm on most soils can improve establishment, growth and yields of fibre flax under eastern Canadian growing conditions.     

Punch planting, flame weeding and stale seedbed for weed control in row crops

Punch planting is introduced as a new method to reduce weeds within rows in organically grown crops. In this method a hole is punched in the soil, and a seed is dropped into it, without seedbed preparation and soil disturbance outside the hole. In 2 years, punch planting with flame weeding, normal planting with flame weeding and normal planting without flame weeding were compared in fodder beet for five planting dates. Each planting date represented a lag‐period since establishment of the stale seedbed. Over all planting times and years, punch planting with flame weeding reduced intra‐row weed densities by 30% at the two to four leaf stage of fodder beet compared with normal drilling with flame weeding. Punch planting with flame weeding also reduced intra‐row weed densities by 50% compared with normal drilling without flame weeding. In general, there was no improved performance of punch planting with flame weeding over years by later planting, but delayed planting reduced intra‐row weed densities significantly. Over 2 years, 240 day degrees Celsius (4 weeks) planting delay reduced intra‐row weed densities in the range of 68–86% depending on plant establishment procedure. Punch planting with flame weeding offers a promising method of weed control in organic farming.     

生防菌苗床接种对辣椒根域微生态及产量的影响

【目的】研究苗床拌土接种生防菌制剂对辣椒根域微生态及产量的影响。【方法】以真菌F、放线菌Act 2和Act 8为供试生防菌,采用苗床拌土法接种辣椒,平皿涂抹法测定各处理辣椒根区、根表土壤和根内微生物数量,小区试验研究接种生防菌对辣椒产量的影响。【结果】苗床拌土接种2株生防放线菌和1株生防真菌制剂:(1)可明显增加辣椒根域土壤中细菌和放线菌数量,减少真菌数量,改变根域土壤中微生物组成,促使辣椒根域土壤微生物类型由真菌型向细菌型转变。其中接种生防真菌F后,小区辣椒根区土壤细菌、放线菌数量较对照分别增加了166.7%和46.2%,细菌、放线菌与真菌的数量比B/F、A/F分别较对照增加了207.7%和72.2%。(2)显著增加辣椒根表土壤芽孢杆菌数量,减少根区土壤芽孢杆菌数量,根表芽孢杆菌数量增幅和根区土壤芽孢杆菌数量降幅分别为7.5%~246.8%和11.9%~74.5%。(3)显著增加了辣椒根内细菌和放线菌数量,其中芽孢杆菌数量增加明显;接种生防放线菌Act 2后,细菌、芽孢杆菌和放线菌数分别增加314.8%,409.1%和77.3%。(4)显著提高了小区辣椒产量,其中接种生防放线菌Act 8后,鲜椒总产量较对照增加了48.8%。苗床接种生防菌后,在辣椒收获期,小区辣椒根区、根表土壤中仍有大量生防放线菌检出(105~106g-1),表明接入的生防菌可在辣椒根区土壤中长时间定殖、存活,持续发挥生防作用。【结论】苗床拌土接种生防菌可显著改变辣椒根域微生物组成和数量,具有明显的促生、增产作用;苗床拌土接种育苗是一种可用于土传病害生物防治的、值得深入研究的接种方法。     

液施苗床肥使用效果对比试验

通过液施苗床肥使用效果对比试验,结果表明,液施苗床肥能显著提高秧苗出苗率和成秧率,秧苗素质好.同时它使用方便,适应性广,对培育状秧具有现实意义,值得推广借鉴.     

宁夏水稻旱育秧立枯病病原菌的初步研究

从宁夏8个市县采集旱育秧立枯病病样550份,分离后获275株菌,分属8属真菌:①镰孢属(Fusarium),占53.1%;②腐霉属(Pythium),占22.5%;③丝核属(Rhizoctom),占1.5%;④蠕孢属(Bipolaris),占2.5%;镰格孢菌(Alternaria)28株,占10.2%;青霉菌(Penicillium)13株,占4.7%;根霉菌(Rhizopus)9株,占3.3%;木霉菌5株,占1.8%.经对镰孢菌、腐霉菌、丝核菌致病性测定表明,不同病菌的致病力和引起的症状类型有一定差异.3个属的病菌均能引致稻苗的黄枯、青枯,并且伴随茎基部褐色病斑;引起矮化的是镰刀菌和腐霉菌;引起徒长的主要足镰刀菌.镰刀菌发病率75.4%,腐霉菌发病率41.5%,丝核菌发病率12.9%.     

果尔在杉木圃地的药效试验

用果尔与氟乐灵、除草醚作除草对比,历时2年。结果表明:果尔是目前杉木圃地上苗期用药一种很好的除草剂,剂量0.450～0.600l/hm~2,除草率达94.2％～98.8％,也可作为杉木播后的土壤处理剂,对苗木安全,全年用药2次。     

油菜种床整备开畦沟仿靴形锐角开沟犁设计与试验

针对长江中下游土壤黏重板结、含水率波动大及前茬水稻秸秆留存量大的复杂工况和油菜种植需开畦沟的生产要求,研制了油菜机械直播种床整备开畦沟仿靴形锐角开沟犁.选择平滑抛物线作为滑切刃口曲线,开展仿靴形锐角开沟犁三面楔建模和犁体与土壤相互作用动力学分析,确定滑切刃口曲线的滑切角范围为23°～67°、犁体入土角为30°、犁尖张角...     

水稻秧棚苗床精平机自动调平系统设计与试验

针对水稻棚室育秧环节中苗床平整地缺失高效作业机械的现状，结合寒区水稻标准化棚室育秧技术要求，该研究设计了一种自走式水稻秧棚苗床精平机机电液一体化的自动调平控制系统。调平系统以液压油泵及直流步进电机为动力端，融合机具作业的姿态角数据，利用自动控制策略实时驱动机电式横滚角调平机构及液力式俯仰角补偿装置进行调平作业，保证苗床平整度。采用Simulink模块对横滚角调平进行仿真，结果表明：横滚角调平时间为1.62 s，超调量为1.5%，具有良好的响应速度及精度。将自动调平控制系统嵌入1ZJP-2型苗床精平机进行田间试验，搭载自动调平系统的作业机具横滚角平均值为-1.88°，均方根误差为1.95°，平均绝对误差为1.88°；对照组作业机具横滚角平均值为-2.37°，均方根误差为2.43°，平均绝对误差为2.31°；俯仰角补偿碎土刮板油缸动作的 平均均方根误差为0.145 cm，试验结果表明自动调平系统效果良好，满足稳定控制要求。利用光学水准仪检验平地作业效果，应用自动调平控制作业后苗床高程最大平均标准差比作业前降低了1.05 cm；而无调平系统的苗床高程最大平均标准差降幅仅为0.325 cm，平地作业效率比普通作业方式提高了229%～500%，每平方米内地高程标准偏差S_d值较比常规作业方式降低了268%～384%。该系统提升了水稻棚室育秧苗床平地机械作业自动化程度。