江汉平原油菜根肿病流行规律及栽培应对措施

 以枝江市问安镇龚桥村为例,采用普查和抽查方法,研究2008-2017十年间江汉平原油菜根肿病流行规律,分析土壤条件、栽培措施等因素对其爆发的影响。在前期研究基础上,采用随机区组设计方法开展无病苗分期播种移栽、苗床消毒、根际施肥用药等田间试验,优化防治技术。调查结果表明,江汉平原油菜根肿病扩散蔓延速度快,3～5年内连片发作,危害严重;机械作业是该病远距离传播扩散的主要原因,土壤酸化是其流行爆发的基础。田间试验结果表明,培育无病苗后移栽到病田避病效果明显,菜籽产量损失小,9 月中下旬育苗,10月中下旬移栽,重病田块能获得2 500 kg / hm2左右的正常产量;根际施用氰氨化钙和氰霜唑显著降低根肿病病情指数,防效分别为50%、90%,两者同时施用防效达100%;苗床氰氨化钙焖棚、火土灭菌、氟啶胺、氰霜唑淋土防治效果分别为100%、96%、76%、62%。基于江汉平原地区水稻土对根肿病极度敏感,在农业机械化生产的背景下,提出油菜根肿病防控应以预防为主。为了减少防治成本,提高防治效果,建议可将氰氨化钙等碱性钙肥丸粒化,作为种肥和底肥集中施用于根际周围;在此基础上无病和轻病田用氰霜唑种子包衣后直播,重病田块用氟啶胺进行苗床消毒,培育无病苗后移栽。     

油菜直播机旋切式微垄种床制备装置设计与试验

针对长江中下游油菜适播期持续干旱或降雨导致土壤含水率波动大影响油菜成苗的实际情况,探究油菜农机农艺融合模式,提出一种旋耕碎土、两侧开畦沟、厢面旋切微垄、微垄表面播种的油菜微垄直播工艺,设计一种油菜直播机旋切式微垄种床制备装置。根据油菜直播株行距配置、根系生长特点,结合垄作土壤水热特性,确定微垄几何尺寸;基于运动学解析腹板端点旋切土壤的运动规律和腹板滚动包络线,从结构角度定性分析被动旋转过程并确定回转半径、腹板数量、腹板顶角范围;利用DEM-MBD耦合仿真,进行单因素试验和正交旋转回归试验,从土壤角度定量研究了腹板数量、腹板顶角、旋切深度、前进速度对微垄成形的影响规律,并得到装置腹板数量分别为6和8的较优工作参数组合;田间试验使用Trimble TX8三维激光扫描仪重构装置作业后微垄厢面,与仿真结果进行对比分析。结果表明,腹板数量分别为6和8时较优工作参数组合为：腹板顶角、旋切深度、有效沟深分别为28.00°、100 mm、83.59 mm和26.50°、92 mm、64.26 mm,田间试验微垄沟深和微垄距平均值为103.08、85.16 mm和332.92、266.88 mm,与仿真...     

自动化移动苗床控制系统的发展现状研究

随着我国设施农业产业的发展及从业劳动人员的紧缺,自动化移动苗床作为一种全新自动农业生产设备,以其省力、节能的优点逐渐得到了认可和发展,并随着产业的升级而被逐步推广,而苗床控制系统是其核心装置。为此,首先介绍了自动化移动苗床控制系统的国内外发展状况,并对比分析我国在自动化移动苗床控制系统发展中存在的一些问题,结合目前国际上自动化设备的先进技术,对我国自动化移动苗床控制系统未来的发展趋势进行了简单的分析和总结。     

Reduction in field emergence and seedbank density of Galinsoga quadriradiata and other weeds after contrasting false seedbed strategies in organic vegetable fields

Mechanical weed control in low competitive, organic vegetable production systems is challenging, particularly in fields with large populations of Galinsoga spp. (Asteraceae). Various false seedbed techniques are used prior to crop planting or sowing to prevent weed emergence, albeit with variable success. This study investigated the impact of machinery type (flamer, hoe and harrow), number of passes (2 and 4), tillage depth (1–4 cm) and intensity (double and single hoeing, and hoeing with or without additional harrowing) on weed emergence and seedbank density in 0–5 cm topsoil of organic vegetable fields. False seedbed machinery that did not or minimally disturb the soil was most appropriate for preventive control of Galinsoga quadriradiata (Hairy galinsoga) and total weed seeds, with reductions in seedling emergence up to 99% and 73%, respectively, for flaming, and 74% and 67%, respectively, for 1 cm deep hoeing, 1 month after false seedbed creation. Compared with 1 cm deep hoeing, 1 cm deep harrowing was 16% less effective in the control of emerged seedlings, while flaming was highly effective in preventing weed seedling emergence, even after a low number of passes. Tillage intensity was less important than tillage depth for the reduction in weed emergence and seedbank density. Overall, tillage was more effective for seedbank reduction than flaming.     

干旱地区砂质土壤棉花苗床土层构建装置的研制

针对新疆南部砂质土壤“干播湿出”棉花种植模式下,春季耕整地连续作业存在作业阻力大、苗床整不平、压不实,严重影响棉花出苗率的问题,该研究设计了一种适合砂质土壤的苗床整备装置,可一次完成碎土、平土、灭茬、镇压、耱地等作业。采用分段平土装置代替耙组进行联合整备作业,分段平土装置为两段式,首段刮土板呈“W”型对称分布,通过刮土板角度对土壤流动性、平整度和作业阻力的运动分析,确定当刮土板倾斜角为45°时碎土和平土效果最好;台架试验结果表明,镇压辊直径400 mm、碎土辊直径400 mm时综合评分最高。样机性能对比试验结果表明：较耙片式联合整地机综合工作阻力降低8.67%,作业效率提升6.6%;地表平整度标准差为11 mm;耕深稳定系数为9.2%,碎土率为92.3%,表面未见秸秆残膜,分段平土装置能有效碎土、平土、灭茬;二次整备后浮动式土层构建装置能有效压实土壤构建出“上虚下实”土层结构,0～5cm播种土层平均土壤紧实度为169 kPa,适合砂质土壤精量铺膜播种作业和棉花生长,较对比机型种膜错位率下降62.5%,出苗率高于对比机型4.8%。研究结果可为砂质土壤苗床整地机研发与改进提供参考。     

江苏三地机插稻育秧床土的基础肥力及其培肥与秧苗素质

选择江苏中部地区3个县10个机插稻育秧点为试验点,研究床土培肥前后碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾的含量与秧苗质量关系。结果表明;供试机插稻各育秧试点间床土培肥前后三要素速效养分含量差异大,养分过剩和不足的情况共存,表明床土培肥有其必要性和重要性;根据机插稻中苗壮秧的苗高、发根力和糖氮比等指标,推定床土培肥的碱解氮指标为250-300 mg·kg-1。     

双季稻机插育秧床土选择试验

为选择适宜双季稻地区机插育秧床土,以双季杂交早稻组合金优299以及杂交晚稻组合天优122为材料,采用田间试验方法,研究分析了水稻干细土、菜园干细土及旱地干细土等不同类型床土对双季机插稻秧苗素质及产量的影响。结果表明,从秧苗素质及大田产量来衡量,3种类型床土育秧优势排序为,菜园干细土水稻干细土旱地干细土。具体来说,菜园干细土处理秧苗的根系多而发达,茎基宽而百苗干重大,秧苗健壮成秧率高,成秧率比其它两处理分别平均高3.53%、4.23%;漏蔸率低,机插质量好,漏蔸率平均分别低于其它两处理达3.5%、2.5%;活棵返青快,基本苗充足,有效穗多产量高,实际产量平均分别高于其它两处理达5.40%、7.10%。综上所述,菜园土是在江西等地区比较理想的机插双季稻育秧床土。     

冷浸田起垄平整装置设计与试验

针对冷浸田终年积水、水土温度低及排水不良,需进行垄作栽培水稻的生产要求及目前缺乏相关机具的生产现状,设计了一种适宜于冷浸田作业的起垄平整装置,该装置主要由起垄辊、微垄开沟器及平整部件组成,实现大垄排水、微垄蓄水作业,利于冷浸田排水及水稻种子生长发育。根据《冷浸田机械起垄水稻栽培技术规程》,对起垄辊、微垄开沟器及平整部件关键参数进行了设计,确定起垄辊回转半径为560 mm、锥形面倒角为28°,微垄开沟器宽度为50 mm、高度为40 mm及平整部件可调节角度为5°。基于DEM-FEM耦合仿真分析确定了装置较优运行参数,当机具前进速度为0.6 m/s、旋耕刀辊转速为230 r/min、起垄辊转速为120 r/min时,土壤回流率为3.51%,并进行了起垄辊应力应变分析。田间试验结果表明,平均垄沟沟深为160.03 mm、沟顶宽为174.84 mm,平均垄顶宽为1 888.89 mm,平均厢面平整度为11.26 mm,平均微垄沟沟宽为60.16 mm、沟深为36.48 mm,各项指标均满足冷浸田机械化起垄作业要求。     

苗床覆盖和播种密度对福建山樱花苗木生长的影响

采用苗床不同覆盖方式和不同播种密度进行福建山樱花播种育苗效果比较试验。结果表明：以塑料小拱棚＋碎草覆盖苗床的发芽率最高,达88.5%;苗木密度以株行距10 cm×10 cm的生长量最大,平均苗高为153.7 cm,平均地径为0.82 cm,平均主根长度为30.4cm,≥5 cm长Ⅰ级侧根平均条数为11.0条。     

Influence of litter on emergence and early growth of Quercusrugosa: a laboratory study

Species-rich old-growth forests dominated by Quercus wereextensive in the highlands of Chiapas until a few decades ago. Current land-use is resulting in replacement of Quercus by Pinusspp. in the canopy of the remaining forest fragments, which areless diverse, drier, and more exposed to freezing temperatures.Forest floor and soil are also modified and may limit theregeneration of many woody species. We studied the influence oflitter type (pine needles vs. oak leaves), litter depth (0, 3, 6and 14 cm), and litter cover (3 cm vs. 0 cm of loose litter ontop of sowed acorns) on the emergence and growth of seedlings ofQuercus rugosa, a dominant tree in pine-oak forests. Seedlingemergence and establishment were affected by the interaction ofexperimental factors. Uncovered acorns on pine litter were moreexposed to desiccation; this effect was more evident with deeperlitter. Acorns sowed on oak litter were not affected by levels oflitter cover and litter depth. The results can be of use indefining further field studies, and practices of direct seedingfor restoration of pine-dominated stands.