小麦免耕播种机开沟器对作物生长的试验研究

为了研究具有不同开沟器的免耕播种机对动力消耗以及作物生长的影响,该文利用3种典型开沟器即短翼尖角、单圆盘和旋耕刀式在一年两熟区玉米收获地的壤土中进行了田间免耕播种试验研究,分别从土壤扰动量、返青期小麦根系状况以及单株干重和产量等方面进行了测定与分析。结果表明,3种开沟器对小麦产量影响不大,但对土壤扰动和耗油量以及返青期的小麦生长影响较大。旋耕刀开沟器土壤扰动较大,高达40%～60％,动力消耗多,返青期小麦的次生根数也最多;单圆盘开沟器播种后土壤扰动较小,仅为10%～15％,动力消耗较小,返青期小麦的次生根数和单株干重也最小;尖角开沟器土壤扰动、耗油量以及小麦根系情况居于其间。因此,可以看出不同的开沟器适应于不同的地区和需要,在保护性耕作实施过程中,可根据当地的气候环境等实际情况来设计或选用。     

螺旋刀型垄台清理装置的设计与试验

针对现有玉米垄作免耕播种机存在的堵塞,功耗大,播种后种带存有大量秸秆影响播种质量等问题,研究设计了一种与玉米垄作免耕播种机配套使用的螺旋刀型垄台清理装置。在玉米秸秆覆盖垄作地试验结果表明,该装置的土壤扰动量约为18.3%～26%,秸秆覆盖率降低了35%～53%,能够满足免耕播种要求,有利于提高播种质量。相比条带旋耕式垄台清理装置,免耕播种机单位面积耗油量降低了13.8%,能够减少拖拉机的动力消耗。因此螺旋刀型垄台清理装置不仅解决了条带旋耕式垄台清理装置动力消耗大的问题,而且能够创造清洁的种床,对垄作保护性耕作技术的推广具有重要意义。     

基于PLC的温室自动化苗床输送系统的研究

针对温室自动化苗床输送系统在苗床运输过程中不能连续运输苗床的问题,提出了一种新的自动化苗床运输机构,利用双推杆解决不能够连续运输的问题。为此,介绍了自动化苗床输送系统的工作原理、机构的组成、控制系统的硬件组成和PLC编程。样机试验结果表明:该系统具有运行稳定、可靠性高、操作简单及维修方便等优点,具有较高的推广和使用价值。     

Seed tuber production from true potato seed (TPS) in Egypt and the influence of environmental conditions in different growing periods

Summary The effect of environmental conditions on seed tuber production from true potato seed (TPS) in nurseries was evaluated in different growing periods during two seasons in Egypt. In the autumn season, high soil and air temperatures reduced emergence and initial foliage development of early-sown seedlings, and decreased tuber yields. In late-sown seedlings low night temperatures and short daylengths caused early tuberization, poor foliage development and low tuber yields. In the spring season, low temperatures and short daylengths resulted in a slow initial foliage development and early haulm-tuber competition for assimilates in early-sown seedlings. However, tuber yields were higher than for late-sown seedlings, presumably because net assimilation and assimilate partitioning to the tubers were impaired by above optimum air and soil temperatures in May and June. Slow development of true seed-sown plants caused a high sensitivity towards adverse environmental conditions and would limit yielding ability in Egypt.     

Growth and herbage productivity of Gliricidia in Panicum maximum pasture as influenced by seedbed preparation,planting and weed control techniques

Interplanting Gliricidia (Gliricidia sepium [Jacq.] Walp.) into poor quality native grass can improve the quality of pasture. But information on methods to establish the tree legume into existing pasture is scarce. This study was designed to compare the effects of disc-ploughing, hoeing, or rotary tillage operations, and direct seeding or planting out potted seedlings on growth and dry matter yields of Gliricidia in grass pasture. The Guinea grass (Panicum maximum) pasture was first mowed to a height of 10 cm. Then the seedbed was prepared by either hoeing 0.5 m strip or rototilling 0.5 m strip with a 2-wheel tractor or disc-ploughing 1.0 m strip with a 4-wheel tractor. Eight weeks old potted seedlings were planted or seeds were sown direct. At 6 months after planting (MAP), trees in disc-ploughed strips averaged 81 cm in height, about 35% taller than trees in hoed- or rotary-tilled strips. Potted seedlings (average height 77 cm) grew 37% taller than direct-seeded trees. At 12 MAP trees in disc-ploughed strips yielded 95% more leaf DM (1170 vs. 600 kg/ha) than trees in hoed- or rotary-tilled strips. In order to intercrop Gliricidia into existing Guinea grass pasture, it is necessary to plant potted seedlings previously raised in nursery into 1.0 m wide strips disc-ploughed with 4-wheel tractor. Weed control is necessary.     

中甜一号甜菜纸筒育苗专用肥的改进研究

根据黑龙江省甜菜纸筒育苗主产区的生产和管理特点,对原“中甜一号甜菜纸筒育苗苗床专用肥”进行了较为系统的配方改进试验。经对甜菜苗床期生长势、根系长、叶柄长、叶片宽、叶片/叶柄的比值等主要性状指标的调查及移栽到田间后对甜菜块根产质量的效应研究表明:在应用原“中甜一号甜菜纸筒育苗苗床专用肥”的基础上,于子叶期喷施“甜菜壮苗剂”有利于培育壮苗;通过对原“中甜一号甜菜纸筒育苗苗床专用肥”进行适当的配方调整,可达到与喷施“甜菜壮苗剂”同样的壮苗效果。     

水稻旱育秧苗与湿润秧苗根系生理活性的比较研究

以武运粳七号为材料，对水稻旱育秧苗和湿润秧苗根系生长的生理物质活性进行了比较研究。结果表明，埋育秧苗总根数、白根数、根系活力及活跃吸收面积较高，根系C/N舟低于湿润秧苗，可溶性糖和硝态氮含量是湿润秧苗的数倍至数十倍，糖和硝态氮的较高积累不仅有利于维持秧苗根系正常的生理活动，也为移栽后秧苗根系生长和新根的发生贮备了充足的营养物质。旱育秧苗移栽前根系中脱落酸（ABA）、吲哚乙酸（IAA）含量高于湿润秧苗。异戊烯基腺嘌呤（iPAs)、赤霉素（GA3）含量低于湿润秧苗，而移栽后3d,IAA、GA3、iPAs含量均高于湿润秧苗。     

高低畦种植模式下水氮耦合对冬小麦产量和水氮利用效率的影响

高低畦种植是在生产实践中摸索出的一套节水增产的冬小麦种植模式,尽管已被山东省列为农业主推技术,但由于建立时间尚短,其背后机理研究仍较薄弱,很大程度上制约了该模式的完善与推广应用。为探索高低畦冬小麦最佳的水氮管理制度,于2020—2022年开展田间试验,设置3个灌水定额(W1:120 mm、W2:90 mm、W3:60 mm)和3个施氮水平(N1:300 kg/hm²、N2:240 kg/hm²、N3:180 kg/hm²),以水氮充足的平作种植为对照(CK,灌水定额120 mm,施氮量300 kg/hm²),测定了不同生育期土壤含水率、成熟期地上部生物量和产量,并计算了麦田耗水量、水分利用效率、氮肥偏生产力和净利润等指标。结果表明：1)与平作种植相比,高低畦种植的麦田耗水量无明显差异,但冬小麦产量、水分利用效率、氮肥偏生产力和净利润分别提高14.8%～17.6%、15.9%～16.9%、14.8%～17.6%和58.9%～112.6%,说明高低畦种植模式具有增产与节水有机统一的良好潜力。2)灌水水平...     

Weather Tools for Retrospective Assessment of Restoration Outcomes

Rangeland seeding practices in the Intermountain western United States are predominantly implemented in the year immediately following wildfire for the purposes of Emergency Stabilization and Rehabilitation (ESR). This necessarily links restoration and rehabilitation outcomes to the probability of a single year providing sufficiently favorable microclimatic conditions for desirable plant establishment. Field research studies in rangeland restoration are also typically of limited duration, and published results may not represent the full spectrum of conditions likely to be experienced at a given site. We propose that location-specific and temporal weather analysis may enhance the interpretation of historical planting data, support expanded inferences from short-term field studies, and facilitate meta-analysis of diverse field studies in rangeland restoration. We describe access and use of new databases and tools that can be used to characterize and rank weather and soil-microclimatic variables and suggest some standard graphs and weather metrics to establish a longer-term perspective for the interpretation of rangeland restoration outcomes. Tools of this type may also be useful in the interpretation of a wide range of agricultural and natural resource applications that are driven by similar weather inputs, particularly in arid and semiarid systems that exhibit high annual and seasonal variability in precipitation and temperature.     

秸秆还田方式对种床土壤物理性质和小麦生长的影响

华北平原一年两熟区粮食产量高、秸秆量大,玉米收获后播种小麦时需要对秸秆进行适宜的处理。为解决此问题,本文于2016—2018年在河北涿州试验站开展田间定位试验,研究了不同玉米秸秆还田与种床位置关系对种床土壤含水率、地温、水稳性团聚体含量、冬小麦出苗率及产量的影响。试验共设置4个处理：秸秆混埋（SM）、少量秸秆混埋（HSM）、秸秆覆盖（SC）和秸秆不还田（CK）。试验结果表明,相较于秸秆不还田对照组CK,秸秆还田可以提高0~30cm种床土壤含水率,效果由大到小依次为：SC、HSM、SM;显著增加水稳性大团聚体（>0.25mm）含量,SM、HSM、SC分别提高6.3、4.9、4.8个百分点;对地温变化呈现出“缓解效应”,其效果从大到小依次为SC、SM、HSM,导致越冬期土壤回暖变慢;增加冬小麦出苗率,HSM、SC、SM平均增加40.1%、34.1%、14.8%,且HSM在第1年显著高于SM;提高产量,SC、HSM、SM平均增产17.2%、10.9%、2.9%,且第1年SM产量显著低于SC。本研究结果表明,秸秆还田对地温有负面影响,但可以增加土壤水分,改善土壤结构,因此最终提高了小麦产量;3种秸秆还田处理中,由于秸秆混埋（SM）使土壤含水率、出苗率、产量均最低,且对地温影响较大,因此优先推荐秸秆覆盖（SC）和少量秸秆混埋（HSM）。