不同时期一次性施肥对夏玉米产量和氮肥效率的影响

在河南省鹤壁和原阳采用田间试验,研究不施氮(CK)、种肥同播(T1)、5叶期一次性施肥(T2)和10叶期一次性施肥(T3),对夏玉米生长发育、氮素积累转运及产量的影响,明确夏玉米包膜尿素1∶1配施普通尿素适宜的一次性施肥时期。结果表明,鹤壁和原阳T1处理产量最高,分别为12 700 kg/hm²和10 945 kg/hm²,但与T2处理间差异不显著,较T3处理分别提高14.2%和10.9%;干物质积累量较其他处理分别提高5.6%～25.1%和1.6%～21.2%。不同生育期T1处理叶片SPAD值和叶面积指数均达最高。鹤壁和原阳T1氮肥表观利用率最高,分别为35.2%和35.5%,较其他处理分别提高5.6～14.7个百分点和3.2～13.6个百分点;氮素积累量较其他施氮处理分别提高13.8%～34.5%和14.5%～41.5%。T1处理土壤氮素依存率低于T2和T3处理。综上,种肥同播提高了夏玉米产量、氮肥效率、叶片SAPD值和叶面积指数,保持较高的氮素吸收速率,降低了土壤氮依存率,满足夏玉米整个生育期的氮素需求,实现了夏玉米高产和高效施肥。     

不同生态区玉米自交系苞叶与穗轴同步发育特性研究

2022-2023年在河南和海南以玉米自交系驻85、驻136、ZM3358为试验材料,研究自交系苞叶与穗轴同步发育特性。结果表明,河南苞叶驻85第1～7 d伸长迅速,速增期与ZM3358一致,低于驻136;穗轴,驻85第1～11 d急剧伸长。海南苞叶ZM3358伸长速增期为13 d,比驻85、驻136延长2～3 d;穗轴ZM3358伸长渐增期最长为19 d,显著高于驻85、驻136。河南苞叶驻85宽度持续变宽,驻136苞叶宽度第11 d开始增幅变缓,ZM3358苞叶宽度速增期最短为7 d;穗轴粗度驻136第1～17 d持续变粗,第19 d稍有下降。海南ZM3358苞叶宽度速增期为13 d,驻85、驻136苞叶宽度速增期均为9 d;驻85穗轴粗度速增期最长为19 d,苞叶与穗轴可保持同步发育特性。     

氮素用量对玉米子粒蛋白组分形成积累的影响

试验研究了不同施氮水平对春玉米子粒蛋白组分的影响。结果表明东农250、丰禾10子粒清蛋白含量呈下降趋势（东农250 NO处理灌浆初期略有升高）,四单19吐丝后7-21天略有增加而后下降;子粒球蛋白含量,东农250呈下降趋势（吐丝后7—21天略有升高）;四单19、丰禾10则先升高再降低而后略有升高再迅速降低;子粒醇溶蛋白含量呈高-低-高的变化趋势,不同品种间醇溶蛋白含量存在差异;子粒谷蛋白含量不断升高（东农250、四单19吐丝后21-28天略有降低）,不同品种春玉米谷蛋白含量存在差异。     

宁夏地区春玉米灌溉需水量特征研究

【目的】提高宁夏地区春玉米的灌溉效率,优化农业资源配置。【方法】依据宁夏地区11个站点1960-2019年的气象资料,确定宁夏地区年际及春玉米生育期不同水文年型的有效降雨量;然后,利用ET₀ Calculator软件计算参考作物腾发量,并结合作物系数法计算作物需水量,求得宁夏地区年际及不同水文年型下春玉米各生育期的作物需水量、灌溉需水量、耦合度和水分盈亏指数。【结果】1960-2019年间,宁夏地区年有效降雨量波动较大(158.5~424.2 mm),北部引黄灌区、中部干旱带和南部山区春玉米生育期有效降雨量分别为123.9,205.4和334.4 mm。宁夏全区春玉米生育期需水量为482.0~690.7 mm,其中南部山区和中部干旱带春玉米需水量有降低趋势,而北部引黄灌区有增大趋势。北部引黄灌区、中部干旱带和南部山区春玉米灌溉需水量分别为566.8,413.0和147.6 mm;在枯水年、平水年和丰水年宁夏全区春玉米灌溉需水量分别为448.5,378.9和317.0 mm。南部山区降雨对作物需水量的满足程度最高,耦合度为0.70,是北部引黄灌区的3.89倍。【结论】宁夏南部山区应以集雨技术为基础发展雨养玉米种植;北部引黄灌区和中部干旱带需要大力发展节水灌溉,其中在北部引黄灌区春玉米大喇叭口期、抽雄期和乳熟期需要分别补灌87.2,79.6和275.6 mm,在中部干旱带需要分别补灌65.7,62.4和212.8 mm。     

桐梓县杂交玉米氮磷钾的合理配施效应

采用"3414"平衡施肥方案,在桐梓县肥力较高的小黄沙泥土上进行了杂交玉米的肥料效应田间试验.结果表明,增产效果最佳的肥料配方为处理6,即尿素32.6kg·667m-2、普钙62.5kg·667m-2、氯化钾26.7kg·667m-2;从经济效益分析来看,以低氮低磷中钾处理的肥料增产效益最好,其肥料的产/投比为2.42,其肥料配方为处理12(N1P1K2),即尿素13.6kg·667m-2、普钙31.25kg·667m-2、氯化钾13.3kg·667-2.     

优质杂交晚籼稻新组合乐优97的选育及栽培制种技术

乐优97是一种典型的晚籼型三系杂交水稻良种,于2022年通过中国国家农作物品种审定委员会审定,系由合肥丰乐种业股份有限公司所属的水稻研究院通过自己创制的三系不育系409A与恢复系R977 杂交选育而成的高产、优质、抗倒杂交晚籼型新型组合。文中详细尽介绍了乐优97的选育步骤,重点介绍了乐优97的特征特性,并归纳出了乐优97优质高产栽培技术及其制种技术关键要点,希望为该产品的以后大规模推广种植打下基础。     

测土配方施肥对玉米产量和养分利用率的影响

研究测土配方施肥对玉米生长性状、产量、经济效益和养分利用率的影响,进而指导阿克苏市玉米科学合理施肥,提高化肥利用率,减少化肥投入,实现玉米化肥减量增效的目标。以金谷玉6号玉米为试验材料,设置不施肥(CK)、无氮(PK)、无磷(NK)、无钾(NP)和氮磷钾(NPK)5个处理,在收获期对玉米株高、径粗、穗长、穗粒数、百粒重、产量、平均产值、净收入和养分利用率等指标进行测定。实验结果表明:全年施肥量为尿素29.78kg/667m2,重过磷酸钙25kg/667m2,硫酸钾10.4kg/667m2,对玉米的生长、产量和经济效益均有促进作用。玉米氮肥的利用率为36.26%,磷肥的利用率为17.39%,钾肥的利用率为41.99%。     

Analysis of the seed dispersal patterns of wild soybean as a reference for vegetation management around genetically modified soybean fields

There are concerns that genetically modified soybean might threaten the genetic diversity of the wild soybean populations that are distributed in East Asia because genetically modified soybean has no crossing barrier with wild soybean. A simple and effective method to prevent hybridization via pollen flow is spatial separation between the two species because their hybridization occurs only when they grow in close proximity. Therefore, the invasiveness of wild soybean needs to be known in order to secure the appropriate distances. As wild soybean seeds are dispersed mechanically by pod dehiscence, an experiment was conducted in which white sheets were placed on the ground, concentric circles were drawn around the parent plants, and the number of dispersed seeds within each 0.5 m‐wide zone were counted. About 40% of the produced seeds were dispersed and the number of dispersed seeds gradually declined as the distance from the parent plants increased. The model that explained the relationship between the number and distance of the dispersed seeds was produced by using a generalized linear model procedure. More than 95, 99, and 99.9% of the produced seeds stayed within 3.5, 5.0, and 6.5 m after natural pod dehiscence. Knowing these values is useful for evaluating the level of invasive risk by mechanical seed dispersal. The goal of the work is to efficiently and deliberately prevent hybridization by isolating genetically modified soybean fields and wild soybean populations by vegetation management, including weeding and setting up specific‐width buffer zones.     

The establishment of Taraxacum officinale plants in grassland

Factors involved in the establishment of Taraxacum officinale (dandelion) seedlings in grasslands and plant mortality in the first growing season were studied during 2008–2011. The study was conducted at 11 grassland sites that differed in the quantity of seed rain and the intensity of seedling predation by slugs. In April, of each study year, 10 plots open to the sedimentation of naturally dispersed seeds were established at each site, five plots of which were also sown with 250 T. officinale seeds each. The amount of natural seed rain, slug feeding activity and number of plants in each plot were then recorded at monthly intervals. Seed rain and seedling predation accounted for c. 50% of the variation in seedling establishment. Populations of established seedlings then declined through October, at which point they were at 25% of the original abundance on average. The percentage of plants that survived varied among sites and years. The temporal and spatial variation in T. officinale establishment and survival of young plants was enormous, even within a small area. Predation of seedlings by slugs can effectively prevent the establishment of T. officinale in grassland. This only occurred, however, at slug abundances not acceptable under conditions of public access.     

内蒙古东部干旱年份玉米需水规律及灌溉制度优化

基于通辽市丰田灌溉试验站3年野外实测试验,对该地区干旱年份玉米需水规律开展研究,结果表明:研究区干旱年份玉米拔节期与抽雄期耗水量占玉米整个生育期的50%以上,耗水强度依次表现为抽雄期拔节期灌浆期苗期,各生育阶段日耗水强度介于0.79~6.50 mm·d~(-1)之间;玉米干旱年份苗期、拔节期水分胁迫处理减产率较小,均未达到显著水平,抽雄期水分胁迫造成的减产量最大,多年平均达10%以上。干旱年份随着玉米耗水量的增加,产量持续增加,而水分生产率先升后降,合理的水分胁迫有利于提高干旱年份水资源的利用效率;同时通过数学模型与动态规划,提出了干旱年份玉米不同灌溉定额条件下的非充分优化灌溉制度,干旱年份应首先保证玉米抽雄期、灌浆期各灌水1次的要求,每次灌水约600 m3·hm-2。