铝胁迫下萹蓄与饭豆根系有机酸分泌特性比较

以蓄和饭豆为试验材料,从对Al胁迫的响应时间、蛋白质合成抑制剂的影响、体内有机酸含量变化及阴离子通道抑制剂的影响等方面,比较研究了Al诱导根系分泌有机酸的差异,以进一步明确铝(Al)诱导植物根系有机酸分泌的过程。结果表明,萹蓄根系在Al胁迫后30.min内分泌出草酸,而Al胁迫至少4.h后饭豆根系才开始分泌柠檬酸;蛋白质合成抑制剂环己亚酰胺(Cycloheximide,CHM)不影响萹蓄根系草酸的分泌,但抑制了84%Al诱导的饭豆根系柠檬酸的分泌,表明前者不需要新蛋白质的诱导合成,却是后者所必需的。Al处理不改变萹蓄根尖草酸的含量,但明显提高了饭豆根尖柠檬酸的含量;阴离子通道抑制剂苯甲酰甲醛(Phenylglyoxal,PG)和蒽-9-羧酸(Anthrancene-9-carboxylic.acid,A-9-C)分别有效抑制Al诱导萹蓄根系草酸的分泌及饭豆根系柠檬酸的分泌,再次证明两者有机酸的分泌是通过某种被Al所诱导或激活的阴离子通道所实现的。     

Ship noise and cortisol secretion in European freshwater fishes

Underwater noise pollution is a growing problem in aquatic environments and as such may be a major source of stress for fish. In the present study, we addressed the effects of ship noise and continuous Gaussian noise on adrenal activity in three European freshwater species. Underwater ship noise recorded in the Danube River and two Austrian lakes was played back to fish at levels encountered in the field (153 dB re 1 μPa, 30 min). Post exposure cortisol secretion was compared with control situations. Cortisol was measured with enzyme immunoassay techniques (EIA, ng cortisol/l water/g fish) in extracted aquarium water with corrections for fish mass. In the first series, two hearing specialists, the common carp (Cyprinus carpio) and the gudgeon (Gobio gobio) and one hearing generalist, the European perch (Perca fluviatilis) were exposed to ship noise. The noise level was well above hearing thresholds in these species. In a second series, fish were exposed to continuous Gaussian noise at a similar level (156 dB) which is known to induce temporary hearing loss in hearing specialists. All three species responded with increased cortisol secretion when exposed to ship noise. Interestingly, no elevation was observed when fish were exposed to continuous Gaussian noise. Our results indicate that ship noise characterized by amplitude and frequency fluctuations, constitutes a potential stressor in contrast to continuous noise. Surprisingly, the data also demonstrate no apparent differences between species possessing excellent hearing abilities (hearing specialists) and species with poor hearing abilities like perch.     

瘦素的分泌调节及其在动物生产中的应用

瘦素是由脂肪细胞分泌,由肥胖基因编码的一种蛋白质激素,也是一种免疫因子,可以调控动物摄食,体脂代谢,参与多种疾病的调节以及影响生殖和泌乳.文章综述影响瘦素分泌和基因表达的因素及其在动物生产上的应用.     

EGCG防治糖尿病作用及机制研究进展

表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯(Epigallocatechin gallate,EGCG)是绿茶中的主要活性成分,具有抗癌、抑制肥胖、缓解代谢综合征等功效。本文总结EGCG预防和缓解糖尿病的相关研究,从降血糖功效、胰岛素抵抗、胰岛素分泌、糖尿病常见并发症等方面综合分析和阐述EGCG的作用机制,以期为绿茶缓解代谢综合征研究提供理论支持。     

沙门菌Ⅲ型分泌系统研究进展

沙门菌是一种重要的人兽共患肠道病原菌,在引起人类食物中毒的微生物中常列榜首。沙门菌的致病性与其Ⅲ型分泌系统(T3SS)密切相关。沙门菌能够利用T3SS选择性分泌效应蛋白至感染细胞的胞质中,在较短的时间内通过调节宿主细胞的功能,完成细菌的感染和胞内定殖过程,从而逃避机体的清除作用。沙门菌T3SS的作用机制研究对于沙门菌病的防治具有重要意义,论文主要对沙门菌T3SS的结构、组装及作用机理做一综述,以期为沙门菌病的防控提供参考。     

hrcQ基因决定水稻条斑病菌在非寄主烟草上的过敏性反应和在寄主水稻上的致病性

 水稻条斑病菌（Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola）hrcQ 基因在动植物病原细菌中高度保守。不同植物病原细菌的HrcQ蛋白因在N端有变化,推测可能与分泌的效应分子特异性有关。但水稻条斑病菌HrcQ蛋白对Ⅲ型分泌系统(type Ⅲ secretion system, T3SS)的形成以及对效应分子的分泌性影响还不清楚。为弄清HrcQ蛋白在此方面的作用,利用同源重组方式获得了水稻条斑病菌^hrcQ基因的敲除突变体,该突变体丧失了在烟草上激发过敏性反应的能力和在水稻上的致病性。hrcQ基因与水稻细胞互作时受诱导表达。蛋白质 蛋白质互作结果显示,HrcQ可分别与Hpa1、HrcN、HrpB5和HrpB2互作。分泌性检测发现,HrcQ不通过T3SS分泌至胞外。hrcQ基因突变,影响Hpa1和HrpB2蛋白分泌。这些结果表明,HrcQ蛋白是形成Ⅲ型分泌系统的基本组分,并通过帮助Hpa1和HrpB2等T3SS效应因子的分泌,从而影响病菌在非寄主上的过敏性反应和在水稻上的致病性。这为进一步分析水稻黄单胞菌T3SS的形成和分泌机制奠定了基础。     

Comprehensive prediction of plant cytoplasmic and apoplastic effectors underlying Erwinia psidii pathogenicity

Erwinia psidii (Eps) is the causal agent of emerging diseases of eucalypt and guava; however, the mechanisms underlying its pathogenicity are not fully understood. Here, we predicted factors involved in the ability of Eps to cause disease on its host plants. For that, the genomes of four Eps strains exhibiting different virulence on eucalypt were sequenced, and hrp/hrc genes coding for the type III secretion system (T3SS), effectors injected into the plant cell cytoplasm through the T3SS (T3SEs) and their plant subcellular localizations, as well as proteins deployed to the host apoplast, were predicted. It was found that Eps possesses a complete hrp/hrc gene cluster based on comparison with Erwinia amylovora. A total of 18 T3SEs were predicted, 11 of which were shared among all strains, none were exclusive to any strain and seven were absent in at least one strain. No sequence variation among strains was found for five T3SE candidates whereas extensive variation was found for six, suggesting the latter may be determinants of virulence differences. The T3SE candidates are predicted to target the plant cell nucleus, cytoplasm, mitochondrion, chloroplast and peroxisome. The predicted apoplastic effector repertoire common to all four strains was over-represented in proteins of unknown functions or predicted to possess enzymatic activities, among which the most abundant were oxidoreductases and peptidases. Proteins with lytic transglycosylase activity were predicted in strain-specific apoplastic effector repertoires. These results provide an important framework for future research aimed at uncovering the factors underlying Eps pathogenicity.     

Erwinia amylovora hrpN mutants,blocked in harpin synthesis,express a reduced virulence on host plants and elicit variable hypersensitive reactions on tobacco

Erwinia amylovora is the bacterium responsible for fire blight, a necrotic disease affecting many rosaceous plants and especially pear tree and apple tree. A protein named harpin, secreted through the Hrp secretion pathway and able to elicit an hypersensitive reaction (HR) on tobacco has recently been isolated. Mutants inhrpN, the gene encoding harpin were described as non pathogenic on immature pear fruit and unable to elicit an HR on tobacco [Weiet al., 1992; Wei and Beer, 1993]. In this paper, the phenotype on plant ofhrpN mutants was carefully determined.hrpN mutants expressed a weak but significant virulence on host plants. Furthermore, when infiltrated into tobacco leaf mesophyll, thehrpN mutants elicited varied responses that fluctuated from null reaction to full necrosis of the infiltrated area. These results show that harpin is not absolutely required neither for pathogenicity on host plant nor for elicitation of an hypersensitive reaction on tobacco. Furthermore, in all the tests performed, mutant blocked in harpin secretion remained non pathogenic and unable to elicit an HR on tobacco. This suggests that factor(s), different from harpin, involved both in pathogenicity and HR eliciting ability is (are) secreted through the Hrp secretion pathway.Abbreviations HR hypersensitive reaction - NSI necrosis severity index - CFU colonie forming units