黄海中部小黄鱼的食物组成和摄食习性的季节变化

根据2001年3月至2002年1月在黄海中部海域进行的4个季节的定点底拖网调查,应用聚类分析、单因素方差分析和列联表检验等方法,对小黄鱼(Pseudosciaena polyactis Bleeker)的食物组成和摄食的季节变化进行研究.结果表明,小黄鱼摄食的饵料种类有30余种,甲壳类(磷虾类和虾类)和鱼类是其主要的饵料类群,二者在食物中所占的重量百分比之和为97.45%.优势饵料种类有太平洋磷虾(Euphausia pacifica)、脊腹褐虾(Crangon affinis)、细螯虾(Leptochela gracilis)和赤鼻棱鳀(Thryssa kammalensis).小黄鱼的摄食强度有显著的季节变化,秋季最高,春季和冬季较低.食物组成也随季节的不同而有所变化,夏季主要以虾类为食,其它季节则主要以磷虾类为食.聚类分析的结果表明,小黄鱼春、夏季的食物组成与秋、冬季相比,存在较大差异.通过与历史资料进行比较发现,黄海小黄鱼的食物组成发生了较大的变化,其中鳀鱼(Engraulis japonicus)在食物中所占的比例有明显的下降.     

Impact of novel endophytes in perennial ryegrass on herbage production and insect pests from pastures under dairy cow grazing in northern New Zealand

Perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) infected with a novel endophyte (AR37 or AR1), Wild‐type endophyte or no endophyte (Nil) was sown with white clover (Trifolium repens L.) in autumn 2005. The pastures were rotationally grazed by dairy cows from 2005–2009. Annual dry matter (DM) yield did not differ but AR37 pastures had a higher ryegrass tiller density, especially after the 2008 summer drought (+130%), and less white clover than did AR1 pastures. Concentrations of alkaloids produced by the Wild‐type association (lolitrem B, ergovaline) followed the same seasonal trends as did the AR37 alkaloids (epoxy‐janthitrems) but summer drought reduced concentrations of lolitrem B and epoxy‐janthitrems to less than half the mid‐summer (February) peak concentrations in the other years. Insect pests were monitored annually between 2006 and 2009. Tiller damage by Argentine stem weevil (Listronotus bonariensis (Kuschel)) was significantly reduced by all endophyte treatments. African black beetle (Heteronychus arator (F.)) populations in soil samples increased during the experiment with Nil > AR1 > Wild‐type = AR37. Root aphid (Aploneura lentisci (Pass.)) infestations followed the pattern AR1 > Nil > Wild‐type = AR37. A lower pest pressure from all insect pests in AR37 pastures is likely to have contributed to this treatment having the highest ryegrass tiller densities.     

不同类型连作晚稻机插安全齐穗期和适宜播栽期的研究

以五优308(杂交籼稻)、甬优2640(籼粳杂交稻)、嘉优2号(杂交粳稻)为材料,通过2年的播种期试验和秧龄弹性试验,研究了3种不同类型的连作晚稻在金华地区作机插的安全齐穗期和适宜播栽期。试验结果表明,不同类型连作晚稻机插产量均随着播种期的推迟而降低;在18 d秧龄条件下,五优308、甬优2640和嘉优2号于7月3日、7月6日和7月9日之前播种,能安全齐穗,五优308产量最高,嘉优2号最耐迟播,但产量水平明显低于五优308和甬优2640;五优308在秧苗素质、秧龄弹性方面明显差于甬优2640,五优308适宜机插的秧龄为12~20 d,甬优2640为17~27 d。五优308秧龄超过21 d之后,抽穗期推迟,安全齐穗风险加大,产量水平明显低于甬优2640。     

三峡库区2类典型森林5种土壤酶季节动态及其与养分的关系

以三峡库区2类典型的森林类型马尾松纯林和马尾松-杉木混交林为研究对象,测定土壤理化性质与不同季节酶活性,以揭示土壤酶的季节动态及其与养分的关系。结果表明:5种酶活性最低值均出现在冬季(1月),除多酚氧化酶活性最高值出现在夏季(7月)外,其余4种酶活性最高值出现在秋季(10月)。蔗糖酶、脲酶和过氧化氢酶活性的季节变化规律一致,从夏季到冬季呈现先升高后降低再升高的变化趋势,多酚氧化酶、过氧化氢酶和纤维素酶的季节变化则呈现从春季到秋季持续升高再降低的动态规律。除多酚氧化酶外,其余4种酶活性均与土壤有机质、全氮、土壤含水量、硝态氮呈极显著正相关,4种酶之间均存在显著的正相关关系。     

贵州草海底泥-上覆水中氮磷含量时空分布特征

为促进贵州高原湿地草海的可持续发展,改善草海水环境状况,恢复草海保护区的湿地功能,研究了草 海在丰水期和枯水期的底泥及上覆水的氮磷时间和空间分布特征,并以叶地表水环境质量标准曳作为评价依据对草 海水质进行评价。结果表明,两个时期草海底泥TN 和TP 呈现中等程度的空间变异性。丰水期草海底泥TN 的空间 特征是S 区跃N 区跃E 区,丰水期和枯水期底泥碱解氮含量为S 区跃N 区跃E 区;丰水期底泥有效磷含量分布规律为E 区跃N 区跃S 区,枯水期底泥有效磷含量为E 区跃S 区跃N 区。丰水期和枯水期草海底泥TN、碱解氮含量由南至北逐渐 升高,西至东逐渐升高。草海的东水域区的各项指标数值都比西水域区高。草海底泥及上覆水中主要是草海周边农 田化肥、周边村落畜禽养殖所产生的粪尿和居民的生活污水。应重视农业生产中对废弃物和废水排放量的限制。     

不同化感型杉木无性系根际土壤微生物数量季节动态

以杉木化感忍耐型和化感敏感型无性系为材料,杉木1代林、连栽2代林、连栽3代林以及阔叶林土壤为培养基质,采用盆栽方式,测定不同化感型杉木无性系根际土壤细菌、真菌和放线菌数量的季节动态。研究表明,相同培养基质及测试时间下,杉木忍耐型无性系根际土壤微生物总数及细菌、放线菌和真菌数量均高于敏感型无性系,且随着培养时间延长,增加幅度逐渐变大。同一培养基质下,不同化感型杉木无性系根际土壤微生物总数及细菌数量表现为2011年9月最高,2011年12月最低;真菌及放线菌则表现为2011年6月最高,2011年12月最低。相同测试时间下,随着连栽代数的增加,不同化感型杉木无性系根际土壤微生物总数及细菌、真菌和放线菌数量均呈逐渐下降趋势。     

Contrasting intraspecific dietary shifts in two terapontid assemblages from Australia’s wet‐dry tropics

Abstract – This study assessed the size‐related patterns of dietary resource use in terapontid assemblages from two north Australian wet‐dry tropical river systems exhibiting contrasting long‐term flow regimes. Substantially higher size‐related dietary divergence in the form of additional trophic guilds and lower levels of dietary overlap were evident among terapontids from the comparatively stable Daly River system, particularly during the dry season. Relatively restricted expression of size‐related dietary shifts in conjunction with higher levels of dietary overlap and no significant seasonal effects on dietary overlap were features of assemblage interaction in the highly variable Burdekin River. Results highlight size‐related dietary shifts as a complex aspect of terapontid trophic habits, and one that can exhibit considerable spatial dynamism.     

Effects of best management practices on dry matter production and fruit production efficiency of oil palm

Enhancing dry matter production with higher partitioning to fruit bunches is important for sustainable intensification of oil palm. A series of best management practices including site-specific nutrient management, canopy management, and harvesting has been developed for oil palm plantations. However, the effects of these practices on dry matter production and partitioning, and how the effects vary with climatic and soil conditions of plantation sites, remain largely unknown. We established a four-year field trial including 30 paired commercial blocks across Sumatra and Kalimantan, Indonesia. The paired treatments included site-specific best management practices, and standard estate practices as the control. The annual production of aboveground dry matter was 30.0 ± 0.5 t ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ (mean ± se) under best management practices, higher than 28.8 ± 0.5 t ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ under standard estate practices. The bunch index, an indicator of the fruit production efficiency, increased by 12% under best management practices compared to standard estate practices. Partitioning of dry matter to the fronds decreased by 8% under best management practices, compared to standard estate practices. The positive effect of best management practices on the annual production of total aboveground dry matter was stronger in the plantation site with higher annual rainfall. These results are useful for optimizing management practices to improve sustainable intensification of oil palm.     

Movements and habitat use by pikeperch (Stizostedion lucioperca (L.)) in a hydropeaking reservoir

Abstract –  We used radio telemetry to measure the habitat use and movements of 20 tagged pikeperch (44–59 cm) in the hydropeaking Pyhäkoski Reservoir, Finland, during June 1999–2000. The hydrological conditions in the 8-km-long reservoir were measured and then modeled over eight discharge rates between 30 and 700 m³ · s⁻¹. Pikeperch preferred relatively low water velocities and deep water depths especially during the winter. During the summer, pikeperch moved actively in different parts of the reservoir. No relationship was found between hydroelectric plant operations and distances moved by pikeperch during the summer. Movements peaked in autumn but decreased during the winter to a restricted area. After 1 year of monitoring, 4 out of 20 tagged pikeperch remained in the Pyhäkoski Reservoir, three had died when descending from hydroelectric dams, 10 had descended downstream to other reservoirs or sea, two were captured by local fishermen, and one fish's signal was lost for unknown reasons.     

长白山红松阔叶林鸟类多样性季节格局的初步研究

采用时间序列分析方法,研究了长白山红松阔叶林鸟类多样性的季节格局。结果表明Shan non多样性指数季节格局表现为春秋高、冬夏低的双峰型特点,并与物种、数量和优势度之间有极显著的相关关系;群落各指数季节间的显著差异主要表现在冬季与其他各季之间;各月前两个优势种的比例在多样性格局构成中具有非常重要的作用;5月前和9月后,气温对Shannon指数格局的影响极为显著(r=0 9209,P<0 01)。