乙烯分解纳米光催化反应器关键性能参数研究

果品与蔬菜在采后贮藏过程中所产生和释放的乙烯是加速成熟、衰老和腐烂的重要环境因子。该研究采用纳米光催化技术开发设计了一种可以去除气调库中乙烯的玻璃管光催化反应器,并对其主要性能参数进行了模拟测试与分析。结果表明：气体流量、玻璃管直径与长度以及光源种类均是影响光催化反应器乙烯分解性能的主要因素。在该试验条件下,气体流量在40～80 L/h的范围内较佳;玻璃管的适宜内径为50 mm;在相同功率条件下黑光灯的光催化效果优于紫光灯。光催化反应器可以多级串联使用,以便提高系统的乙烯分解能力。这些研究结果为气调库用光催化乙烯分解装置设计提供了基础设计参数和指标。     

纳他霉素处理对火龙果贮藏品质的影响

研究不同浓度的纳他霉素对火龙果采后贮藏保鲜效果的影响。以火龙果为试验材料,研究不同浓度(0、400、800、1200 mg/L)纳他霉素对火龙果贮藏期生理、营养指标及果实表面微生物菌落情况的影响。结果表明:与对照相比,不同浓度的纳他霉素处理均可显著降低火龙果呼吸强度,抑制腐烂指数、鳞片黄化率、质量损失率、丙二醛含量的增加,延缓鳞片叶绿素、可溶性固形物、可滴定酸、维生素C含量的降低,提高果实SOD、POD、CAT等抗氧化相关酶活性,在贮藏末期时仍能保持较低的细菌菌落总数、酵母菌和霉菌总数。综合认为,纳他霉素处理可以明显延缓火龙果果实衰老,有效保持果实的贮藏品质,其中以800 mg/L纳他霉素处理效果最佳。     

中国森林生态系统碳平衡研究

森林生态系统是陆地生态系统的主体, 它不仅具有改善和维护区域生态环境的功能, 而且在全球碳平衡中起着巨大的作用, 充分发挥森林的固碳能力关系到能否降低大气CO₂浓度和抑制全球变暖趋势。文中就我国森林生态系统固碳功能和碳储量的研究进行了概括, 并对未来森林生态系统碳循环研究提出一些看法。     

Environmental persistence of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-<Emphasis Type="Italic">p</Emphasis>-dioxin in soil around hardstand 7 at eglin air force base,Florida

Background and Goal  A number of global events have generated intense scientific scrutiny and public concern of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (dioxin). DIoxins have been associated with a range of adverse health effects. 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) is recognized as among the most dangerous of the dioxin compounds, and was a contaminant found In one of the herbicides used for vegetation control during the Vietnam conflict: Agent Orange. As a result of purging spray systems and leaking drums of Agent Orange concentrate, TCDD contamination occurred in the soils surrounding Hardstand 7 at Eglin Air Force Base, Florida. This research uses a multimedia model to estimate the TCDD concentrations in surface soil around Hardstand 7 for a 70-year time Interval beginning with observed surface soil concentrations 1984. Methods  Hardstand 7 is a nearly 40-m circular concrete and asphalt aircraft parking area. The hardstand was used as a staging area for spraying equipment used to disseminate herbicide In a test area called C-52A within EAFB. Concentrated herbicide was also stored in 208-L barrels for use with the equipment, and later, for disposal. In 1984, a field investigation characterized the extent of TCDD contamination in surface soils around Hardstand 7 using a radial sampling protocol. The 1984 observed concentrations and locations was used in a multimedia model, CalTOX, as an initial source term concentrations and locations to estimate expected concentrations during the subsequent 70-years. Results  The results indicate that more than 94% of the TCDD observed in surface soils 1984 will remain after a 70-year period. Access restrictions and remediation activities at the site eliminate bar verification of the CalTOX estimates. Conclusions. TCDD is highly persistent in the soil medium and natural attenuation may not produce a significant decrease In soil concentrations. Recommendation  Active remediation actions may be required to prevent exposure to TCDD contamination surface soils. Verifying CalTOX concentration estimates an Important step that should be performed, however, the, model provides an easy to use tool to estimate TCDD surface soil contamination at herbicide storage or dispersion staging sites.     

水稻辐射诱变突变体的种子蛋白质成分分析

为了改良水稻品种的品质性状,利用60Coγ-射线为诱变源,对粳稻品种Koshihikari种子进行了辐照处理,通过改良的单粒种子法对种子蛋白质的含量和组成进行了SDS-PAGE和Western Blotting分析,筛选到了72个种子蛋白突变体,结果表明经诱变后种子蛋白的含量和组成成分发生了很大变异。本研究为揭示水稻贮藏蛋白积累机制及开发新型稻米种质提供了理论依据。     

Carbon sequestration and relationship between carbon addition and storage under rainfed soybean–wheat rotation in a sandy loam soil of the Indian Himalayas

Soil organic matter (SOM) contributes to the productivity and physical properties of soils. Although crop productivity is sustained mainly through the application of organic manure in the Indian Himalayas, no information is available on the effects of long-term manure addition along with mineral fertilizers on C sequestration and the contribution of total C input towards soil organic C (SOC) storage. We analyzed results of a long-term experiment, initiated in 1973 on a sandy loam soil under rainfed conditions to determine the influence of different combinations of NPK fertilizer and fertilizer + farmyard manure (FYM) at 10 Mg ha⁻¹ on SOC content and its changes in the 0–45 cm soil depth. Concentration of SOC increased 40 and 70% in the NPK + FYM-treated plots as compared to NPK (43.1 Mg C ha⁻¹) and unfertilized control plots (35.5 Mg C ha⁻¹), respectively. Average annual contribution of C input from soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) was 29% and that from wheat (Triticum aestivum L. Emend. Flori and Paol) was 24% of the harvestable above-ground biomass yield. Annual gross C input and annual rate of total SOC enrichment were 4852 and 900 kg C ha⁻¹, respectively, for the plots under NPK + FYM. It was estimated that 19% of the gross C input contributed towards the increase in SOC content. C loss from native SOM during 30 years averaged 61 kg C ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹. The estimated quantity of biomass C required to maintain equilibrium SOM content was 321 kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹. The total annual C input by the soybean–wheat rotation in the plots under unfertilized control was 890 kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹. Thus, increase in SOC concentration under long-term (30 years) rainfed soybean–wheat cropping was due to the fact that annual C input by the system was higher than the required amount to maintaining equilibrium SOM content.     

泥炭湿地碳储量核算与其影响因素分析

泥炭湿地占全球陆地表面积的2%~3%和全球湿地面积的40%~70%,却存储3.0×1017~6.0×1017g碳。以前有关泥炭湿地碳储量的研究主要偏重于土壤,尤其在北方,缺乏对植被和枯枝落叶层的综合报道。本文综述了近些年来全球泥炭地碳储量(土壤碳储量、植被碳储量和枯枝落叶层碳储量)核算的研究进展。目前,全球泥炭地碳储量的核算仍存在较大的不确定性,其主要原因是全球泥炭地碳储量核算方法的数据信息不足,缺乏植被生物量、地表凋落物、碳质量分数、深度、容重和面积等全面数据,尤其是关于全球泥炭地面积较大的地区或国家;其次,人为干扰活动也进一步增加了全球泥炭地碳储量估算的不确定性,使得碳储量估算变得更困难。我国湿地面积居亚洲第一,世界第四,然而泥炭地/湿地有机碳储量估算与其他国家比较,相差较大,数据信息不足且存在较大波动。因此,为了提高泥炭湿地碳储量的估计精度和预测陆地生态系统应对气候变化响应机制的准确性,进一步加大泥炭地碳储量研究是非常必要的。     

日光温室空气对流蓄热中空墙体热性能试验

空气对流循环蓄热墙体是一种通体中空型日光温室墙体,其内部中空层与温室空间连通而具有空气对流换热效果。为详细了解该墙体构造的蓄放热特性及其对日光温室热环境的影响,通过与同样构造但中空层封闭的无对流墙体的对比,在北京市通州区试验温室中测试了墙体内部温度分布及变化规律、墙体蓄放热量及其对温室内气温的影响。其结果,与对照墙体相比,对流方式下墙体内部温度分布规律不同,墙体内部整体温度水平较高、且昼夜波动幅度较大,墙体白天蓄热量提高15.1%,夜晚放热量提高14.7%,这一效果使得温室夜间最低温度提高2.2℃,有效提高了墙体的蓄放热能力,改善了温室夜间温度水平。     

广州市典型木荷风水林碳库价值核算

以广州市黄埔区南亚热带常绿阔叶木荷(Schima superba)风水林群落为对象,用样地生物量法对乔木、灌草、凋落物、细根和土壤层的碳库储量进行计量,并用碳税率法参数估算了群落碳库价值.结果表明:(1)3个样地的生态系统碳储量密度在138.00~176.56 t C·hm-2之间,平均为155.34±11.30 t C·hm-2,但与地带性顶级群落碳储量密度相比,该风水林还具有较大的增汇空间;(2)乔木层、灌木层、草本层、凋落物层、细根层和土壤层的碳储量密度占生态系统总碳储量密度的比例分别为70.17%、2.74%、1.43%、0.88%、0.81%和23.97%,乔木层是生态系统碳库的主要贡献者;(3)广州市典型木荷风水林总碳资产价值平均为18.64万元 ·hm-2,其中植被层为14.17万元 ·hm-2,土壤层为4.47万元 ·hm-2,前者是后者的3.17倍,植被层碳是风水林碳汇价值的主体部分.     

贮前温度处理对草莓果实贮藏特性的影响

研究了贮前不同温度处理对草莓果实贮藏特性及软化的影响。结果表明，以贮前50℃预热处理30min和5℃预冷处理30min的果实腐烂率最低；2种处理均能抑制果实呼吸强度的上升、果实中脱落酸（ABA）的生成、生长素（IAA）的下降、纤维素酶活性的上升，并延缓果实硬度的下降。