Dynamics of calcium‐sodium exchange under unsaturated plow conditions

Abstract

An experiment was conducted in soil columns of 84 cm length and 5.7 cm inner diameter to determine the effect of degree of water saturation on the extent of replacement of sodium by calcium from the exchange sites. The experiment was performed by running 0.20 N calcium chloride solution through a saline‐sodic soil into a water table at the lower end at different rates less than the infiltration rate of the soil, thus obtaining unsaturated flow conditions. The effective or the apparent calcium exchange capacity of the soil was reduced significantly and nearly proportionally with a decrease in the degree of water saturation during the flow process. It is suggested that part of exchange sites become inaccessible during the unsaturated flow and that there must be some isolated locations away from the main water stream in which mixing or molecular exchange by diffusion is negligible.     

径流泥沙实时自动监测仪的研制

针对径流泥沙过程监测仪缺乏和监测误差大的状况,研制了一种具有野外复杂条件下普遍适用的径流泥沙高精度实时自动监测仪,并建立了数据/站点管理云平台。该仪器从径流泥沙过程中提取驱动仪器运转的物理量并将其转换为测控信号,实现径流泥沙过程的实时自动监测;通过对仪器总体结构及各功能部件的优化设计,消减泥沙粘附和沉积,提高监测精度。通过标准泥沙样品验证了该仪器的适用性,结果表明该仪器监测的含沙量相对误差均值为3.67%,决定系数为0.997。土槽试验获取了径流过程中变幅较宽的径流量和含沙量的动态过程曲线。可见,该仪器不仅可以准确地监测径流泥沙过程,而且创新了水土流失监测技术和方法,推动了水土流失监测的自动化和信息化。     

3He管中子土壤水分测量装置提高测量精度

宇宙射线中子法是一种先进的测定区域土壤水分含量的方法,但国内外对其制约因素的研究仍不成熟。该研究利用商业化宇宙射线中子仪(CRS1000)和自己组装的~3He管中子水分探测器(~3He管),在中国农业大学上庄试验站对土壤含水量进行持续监测,将测量的结果与烘干法测量的结果进行对比分析,验证2种仪器测量的准确性和稳定性,并比较2种仪器对土壤水分变化响应的灵敏性差异。研究结果显示,CRS1000和~3He管具有较高的稳定性,在太阳活动剧烈时,有必要考虑对中子入射强度进行校正;通过与烘干法获得的土壤水分数据比较,CRS1000和~3He管测量数据的均方根误差分别为0.036、0.015 cm~3/cm~3,说明2种仪器进行土壤水分测量的结果非常准确;利用2种仪器获得的土壤水分曲线的变化趋势具有较高的一致性,在降水事件发生时,2种仪器都迅速作出响应,但~3He管对土壤水分变化的反应更加灵敏,测量精度更高。同时,组装的~3He管中子水分探测器成本约为商业化宇宙射线中子仪的1/2,降低了成本,具有更加广阔的应用前景。     

考虑水迁移率动态变化改进土壤溶质地表流失模型

农田土壤溶质的地表径流流失是农业面源污染的重要组成部分,为了更加有效预测和控制农田土壤溶质的流失,该文将水迁移率考虑为随土壤侵蚀变化而变化的函数,并修改Hydrus-1D代码数值求解土壤溶质的地表径流浓度值。利用两组已经发表的试验数据对改进的模型进行校验,研究结果表明该文模拟值与观测数据的相关系数r≥0.81,残差绝对均值和均方根差与原模型的模拟值相比,分别平均减少了35.42和60.77 mg/L,该文改进的模型能更好地模拟土壤溶质的地表径流流失规律。该文的研究成果将为实际预防和控制农业面源污染提供参考。     

土壤斥水性影响土壤水分运动研究进展

土壤斥水性广泛存在于各类土壤,是影响植物生长、土壤水分运动以及土壤侵蚀等水土过程的重要因素。该文阐述了土壤斥水性的基本概念,介绍了几种常用的斥水性强度测定方法及适用范围。在此基础上,论文对土壤斥水性如何影响土壤水力性质以及水分运动特征等研究现状作了全面评述,重点讨论了近年来该领域的研究热点,如土壤斥水性影响下的指流观测和理论模拟以及斥水性土壤蒸发过程等。最后,提出了相关研究中亟待解决的若干关键科学问题,主要包括确定土壤斥水性影响指流现象和蒸发过程的物理机制的揭示;考虑土壤斥水性参数的土壤水分运动数学模型的构建;以及对新模型的求解及对数值解的理论分析。由于土壤斥水性对土壤水分运动有重要的关联效应,相关问题的深入研究对进一步认识土壤水分运动的内在物理机制具有重要理论意义,也将为掌握和有效利用土壤斥水性提供实践指导。     

气候变化情景下未来赣北第四纪红壤坡面土壤侵蚀的预估

为评估未来气候条件下的土壤侵蚀变化的响应,该研究利用IPCC AR4中17个全球大气环流模式在SRES B1(低排放)、A1B(中排放)和A2(高排放)这3种典型排放情景下的未来降水预测,结合坡面土壤侵蚀WEPP模型,在对模型验证效果良好的基础上,参照集合预报方法,对未来至21世纪末赣北地区典型第四纪红壤坡面的土壤侵蚀进行预估。研究结果表明,虽不同大气环流模式的预估表现各异,但与基准期相比,确定未来降雨量增加,径流量很可能增加,坡面侵蚀也可能增加。未来降雨和侵蚀出现递增趋势,并延续至本世纪末。3种情景下预估的坡面土壤侵蚀平均水平均高于基准期,其中温室气体浓度最高的A2情景增幅最大。随降雨、径流及土壤侵蚀递增趋势的持续,至本世纪中后期(2051-2099年)红壤坡面的土壤侵蚀到达峰值。     

A comparative study on chemical characteristics of tropical soils from volcanic material under forest and agriculture

Abstract

An investigation was conducted to compare differences in chemical characteristics of Costa Rica soils under continuous cultivation and under forest vegetation. Inceptisols from young volcanic material under forest, sugar cane, coffee and pasture, respectively, were sampled in the San Carlos region of Costa Rica, and analysed for pH, organic matter, N, Ca, Mg, K, Na, Al, Fe, Zn and Mn contents. Indications were obtained that continuous cropping for 1 to 22 years with sugar cane resulted in a decrease in Ca and Mg content and an increase in acid extractable Al concentrations, compared to amounts found in forest soils. In soils under coffee the only significant changes were a reduction in soil organic matter, N and Al contents. Exchangeable bases decreased slightly during the first two years, but in fields 15 years under coffee, the content of exchangeable bases was affected slightly, except for a relatively marked decrease in amounts of Mg. Conversion into pasture maintained soil fertility at a level comparable to that found in the forest soil ecosystem. It was concluded that differences in vegetational ecosystems caused soil chemical changes, but deforestation in the tropics did not necessarily result in rapid soil degradation processes. The magnitude of the data showed that the soil in the San Carlos region of Costa Rica had been cultivated for at least 10 to 20 years without producing evidence of excessive deterioration.     

The pH of bodenburg silt loam soil as related to forest cover and time under cultivation

Abstract

Soil pH's were evaluated at three time intervals following land clearing at two locations in the Matanuska Valley. Seasonal fluctuations of pH values over a seven‐year period as determined in water (pH_w,) and 0.01 M CaCl₂ (pH_s) were additionally evaluated at these locations. A statistical rise in soil pH occurred at both locations with clearing and subsequent cultivation. Soil reaction differences related to season and year were not consistent and were not related to a definite pattern. No relationship between monthly or seasonal precipitation and the soil reaction was found. The correlation coefficient between pH_w and pH_s was highly significant. Work of other investigators is discussed in the interpretation of the data collected.     

The Langmuir parameters of orthophosphate and pyrophosphate sorption for ammoniated tropical soils

Abstract

The Langmuir parameters of orthophosphate (OP) and pyrophosphate (PP) sorption for the ammoniated tropical soils were determined. Positive linear relationships between OP and PP sorption maxima and amounts of anhydrous NH₃ added were noticed. Indexes of bonding energy of OP and PP increased exponentially as ammoniation level of the soils increased from 33 to 100% of ammonia retention capacity.