Maize (Zea mays L.) Grain Yield Response to Methods of Nitrogen Fertilization

ABSTRACT

In the developing world, fertilizer application is commonly achieved by broadcasting nutrients to the soil surface without incorporation. A commonly used nitrogen (N) source is urea and if not incorporated, can sustain N losses via ammonia volatilization and lower crop yields. This study evaluated the effect of planting, N rate and application methods on maize (Zea mays L.) grain yield. An experiment with a randomized complete block design (nine treatments and three replications) was established in 2013 and 2018 in Oklahoma. The planting methods included; farmer practice (FP), Oklahoma State University hand planter (OSU-HP), and John Deere (JD) mechanical planter. Side-dress N application methods included; dribble surface band (DSB), broadcast (BR), and OSU-HP. Nitrogen was applied at the rate of 30 and 60 kg ha^?1 as urea and UAN at V8 growth stage. On average, planting and applying N at 60 kg ha^?1 using OSU-HP resulted in the highest yield (11.4 Mg ha^?1). This exceeded check plot yield (5.59 Mg ha^?1) by 104%. Nitrogen application improved grain yield by over 57% when compared to the 0-N check (8.77 Mg ha^?1). Mid-season N placement below the soil surface using OSU-HP makes it a suitable alternative to improve grain yield.     

基于移动Agent的网格计算管理模型研究

基于当前的移动aget问题以及网格计算特点,在前人的理论基础上,文中结合agent 技术和网格计算研究基于移动agent的网格计算管理模型,运用系统中各个元素进行agent 建模。介绍移动agent 技术,以及网格计算管理模型应具备的特征,最后提出基于移动Agent 的网格计算管理模型来解决网格中资源管理,作业调度,负载平衡的问题。仿真结果表明,基于agent 的网格计算管理模型仿真能够细致地刻画系统特性,降低系统对网络带宽的严格要求,同时也缩短时间延迟,提高服务响应速度。     

山西省土地与人口矛盾的现状与农业发展战略

山西省土地与人口矛盾主要表现在耕地与人口的矛盾。耕地与人口的大幅度反向变化,造成人均耕地面积日益减少,使土地承载力达到饱和,针对这种人地矛盾的现状,发展本省农业应采取因地制宜的战略措施:1、保护现有耕地,减缓人地矛盾;2、合理调整农业产业结构,充分利用现有资源。     

浑善达克沙地东部地区沙漠化发展近今演变研究——正蓝旗境内沙漠化研究为例

本文以正蓝旗境内沙漠化研究为例来分析了浑善达克沙地东部地区沙漠化近今演变情况,运用20世纪80年代和90年代两张卫星遥感照片进行解译结合现场调查抽样验证方法、测算了浑善达克沙地东部沙漠化土地发展现状及面积,为今后的沙漠化的治理和防止提供了一定的依据。     

能源植物小桐子及其发展战略探讨

能源植物小桐子(Jatropha curcase L)为大戟科麻疯树属落叶灌木或小乔木,适应范围广,耐干旱瘠薄,其毒性和生物活性物质可用于生产杀虫剂和中药制剂,种子油可用做生物柴油,广泛分布和栽培于热带、亚热带地区,目前越来越多的国家和公司为获取生物柴油都在大力发展种植小桐子.该文对小桐子的起源分布、生物学特征、种质资源情况,开发利用现状和发展趋势进行了简要总结,同时,就中国发展小桐子可再生能源存在的一些问题进行了客观分析,对发展小桐子能源产业提出了建设性意见.     

机动车驾驶员驾驶疲劳测评方法的研究状况及发展趋势

据文献介绍,全世界每年因交通事故而导致的死亡人数达60万,直接经济损失约125亿美元,这些事故多与驾驶员疲劳驾驶有关。介绍了国内外对于机动车驾驶员驾驶疲劳程度的测评方法,对具代表性的几种方法进行了评述,认为美国公路安全管理局推荐的实时测量驾驶疲劳程度优先选择的PERCLOS法是目前较为有效的测评方法,提出我国有关驾驶疲劳程度测评方法的研究应着重于驾驶疲劳的机理和数学模型、检测和评价标准等方面,并应开展实时、非接触式预警装置的研制,实现其商品化。     

国外地下储气库的技术与发展

利用枯竭油气田、地下含水层、含盐岩层或废矿井来建造地下储气库,是20世纪燃气工业的一项主要技术成就。介绍了国外建造天然气地下储气库的规划要点、数值模拟分析以及利用惰性气体作垫层气的研究,同时介绍了地下储气库的研究进展情况和今后的发展趋势,为我国开展地下储气库研究提供了一些可借鉴的经验。     

中国生物质能的利用状况及展望

概述了中国生物质能的来源,分析了国内外生物质能的利用现状．根据实际情况,提出中国生物质能的发展方向。     

Growing vegetables in developing countries for local urban populations and export markets: problems confronting small-scale producers

Vegetables attract high applications of pesticides, and farmers in developing countries use many acutely toxic insecticides to control pests on these crops. With the liberalisation of agricultural markets in developing countries, the number of small-scale farmers growing vegetables for both domestic and export markets is increasing. Demand for supplies of year-round and exotic fruit and vegetables has grown in industrialised countries, but with rising quality standards and traceability requirements it is difficult for small-scale farmers to benefit from this lucrative non-traditional agricultural export trade. The demand is high for vegetables in the expanding cities in developing countries, and farmers in peri-urban areas, or rural areas with good access to the cities, are in a position to find a growing market for their produce. Poor storage facilities will often mean that farmers are forced to sell at peak times when prices are low. Farmers rarely have access to training in pesticide use, and have only limited or no access to advice on the complicated management of pesticides. The Food and Agriculture Organisation of the UN is concerned about high levels of poor quality and adulterated pesticides on sale in developing countries. Surveys repeatedly show that without training, farmers are unable to make good crop decisions: recognition of pests and their predators is generally low, leading to decisions to spray to kill any insect; knowledge of product selection, application rates and timing is poor; different products are often combined in the belief that the effect will be greater; re-entry periods after spraying and essential harvest intervals are not known; and without knowledge of alternatives, farmers will often assume that the only solution to pest problems is to spray more frequently. From a consumer's point of view, few developing countries are able to monitor pesticide residues, particularly for produce grown for home consumption: most countries do not have laboratories for even simple residue testing. Changes in European Maximum Residue Limits means that export crops will be rejected if they contain residues at the Limit of Detection of pesticides not registered in Europe. Season-long field level training in Integrated Pest Management can help farmers to become better decision-makers, and to greatly reduce pesticide use while reducing risks to their own health and environment, producing safer products for consumers, maintaining yields, and increasing incomes.     

对渭北地区集雨灌溉的思考-以富平县底店乡“窖灌农业”示范区为例

合理高效地利用雨水资源对西北干旱半干旱地区尤其是地表水缺乏地下水不易利用地区的经济发展具有十分重要的意义。基于此,我们在陕西省“窖灌农业”试验示范基地对蓄水设施的修筑、运行、维护及水质、雨水利用现状等进行了调研和考察,指出了其存在的问题、解决措施及进一步发展的思路,为该地及整个渭北地区雨水集流灌溉的进一步发展提供指导和参考。