In Vitro Activity of Lawsonia inermis （Henna） on Some Pathogenic Fungi

The present study was conducted to investigate antifungal activity ofLawsonia inermis （Henna plant）. Leaf samples of the plants were collected from Eastern Nile of Khartoum state, Sudan. Ethanol and petroleum ether extracts in various concentrations were obtained by maceration （cold method）. The extracts were bioassay in vitro to know their bioactivity to inhibit the growth of tested fungi. The cup plate agar diffusion method was adopted to assess the antifungal activity of the extracts against tested yeasts while agar incorporated method was used for other molds. Both extracts revealed anti fungal activity against all yeast strains except Pichiafabianii which was found resistant to both ethanol and ether extracts. The results displayed antifungal activity against tested fungi. Minimum mould concentration （MMC） of the extracts was determined. The obtained results revealed antifungal activity of henna leaves extracts which support the traditional use of the Henna in therapy of fungal infections. The possibility of therapeutic use of Sudanese henna as antifungal agents is recommended.     

ISSR-Based Molecular Characterization of an Elite Germplasm Collection of Sweet Potato （Ipomoea batatas L.） in China

To determine the genetic diversity and population structure of sweet potato accessions cultivated in China, and to establish the genetic relationships among their germplasm types, a representative collection of 240 accessions was analyzed using inter-simple sequence repeat （ISSR） markers. The mean genetic similarity coefifcient, Nei’s gene diversity, and shared allele distance of tested sweet potato accessions were 0.7302, 0.3167 and 0.2698, respectively. The 240 accessions could be divided into six subgroups and ifve subpopulations based on neighbor-joining （NJ） clustering and STRUCTURE results, and obvious genetic relationships among the tested sweet potato accessions were identiifed. The marker-based NJ clustering and population structure showed no distinct assignment pattern corresponding to lfesh color or geographical ecotype of the tested sweet potato germplasm. Analysis of molecular variance （AMOVA） revealed small but signiifcant difference between white and orange-lfeshed sweet potato accessions. Small but signiifcant difference were also observed among sweet potato accessions from the Southern summer-autumn sweet potato region, the Yellow River Basin spring and summer sweet potato region and the Yangtze River Basin summer sweet potato region. This study demonstrates that genetic diversity in the tested sweet potato germplasm collection in China is lower than that in some reported sweet potato germplasm collections from other regions. Pedigree investigations suggest that more diverse Chinese sweet potato varieties should be formed by broadening the selection scope of breeding parents and incorporating the introduced varieties into future breeding programs.     

基于TM影像的连云港海岸带土地利用变化研究

利用4期(1987年、2002年、2007年和2012年)TM/ETM遥感影像,运用GIS空间分析技术生成连云港海岸带区域4期土地利用类型图,然后应用景观格局分析软件Fragstats 4.1分析连云港海岸带的景观格局变化。同时收集连云港海岸带的相关社会经济统计数据进行分析,探讨了景观格局变化的人文驱动因子。结果表明:1987~2012年这25年间,变化较剧烈的类型是耕地和建设用地,耕地面积基本呈减少趋势;建设用地的面积基本呈增加趋势,且涨幅较大;连云港海岸带人口和第二产业快速增长带来了海岸带的大规模开发,对海岸带干扰较大。     

非饱和带地下水溶质运移模拟理论研究

通过非饱和带地下水中溶质运移的理论基础的研究,介绍了非饱和带内溶质运移模拟的研究方法及影响因素,在此基础上建立了非饱和带水流模型以及溶质运移的数学模型,并介绍了模型的求解方法有限差分法及其求解原理。同时介绍了影响非饱和带内溶质运移的相关参数及多种边界条件,研究了典型特征参数的设定及影响因素。指出了非饱和带溶质运移的理论研究意义,并举例提出了相关建议措施。     

互助县国家现代农业示范区现状及可持续发展对策

介绍了互助县国家现代农业示范区现状,并从加大科研示范力度、提供科研保障、提高应用水平、拓宽科研领域、提高务农人员素质、提高农产品档次、提升农业产业基地建设水平等方面提出了促进互助县国家现代农业示范区可持续发展的对策。     

我国农药地下水环境风险评估场景体系的建立

根据国际通用的标准场景和环境脆弱性概念,利用GIS技术,以我国气象、土壤、农业生产等数据为基础,构建农药环境风险评估过程"现实中最糟糕的情况"。针对旱地作物和地下水这一环境系统,将我国划分为6个农药地下水环境风险评估场景区,并在此基础上构建了11个标准场景点,从而形成针对旱地作物的我国农药地下水环境风险评估场景体系。利用欧盟农药环境暴露模型PEARL测试该场景体系,运行结果显示该场景体系科学可行。该场景体系的建立既为运用定量模型进行我国农药环境风险评估奠定了重要基础,也为我国农药环境风险管理、农药登记管理工作提供了技术支持和科学依据。     

China-PEARL和PRZM-GW模型潍坊市场景农药地下水风险评估研究

农药地下水暴露模型China-PEARL已开始在我国农药地下水风险评估中应用。本文利用China-PEARL潍坊市场景数据,为PRZM-GW构建了潍坊市场景。在潍坊市场景下,利用2个模型计算了56种农药在5种作物上共计145种施用方式下的预测环境浓度(PEC)值,利用商值法(RQ)进行风险评估。结果显示有8种农药共13种施用方式在潍坊市场景下存在不可接受的地下水风险。其中,2个模型均显示有不可接受风险的农药是多菌灵和氟磺胺草醚。2个模型PEC值比较结果显示,PRZM-GW的农药风险评估趋势与China-PEARL一致性高,从而验证了China-PEARL的可信性。模型PEC值影响因素分析显示,土壤有机碳分配系数(Koc)对2个模型输出影响最大,可将Koc>400L·kg^-1作为判断某种农药预测浓度<0.1μg·L^-1经验性指标。2个模型的PEC值和土壤好氧半衰期的对数呈线性关系,当土壤好氧半衰期>10d时,模型的PEC值随土壤好氧半衰期的增大而迅速增高。水解半衰期为PRZM-GW模型输入项,决定了PRZM-GW模型模拟的农药浓度随年变化趋势。水中溶解度是China-PEARL的输入项,但对模型PEC值影响很小。     

黄河三角洲农业用地动态变化模拟与情景分析

为明确农业用地变化的动态特征和影响要素,预测不同情景下的农业用地的时空变化格局。利用遥感和地理信息系统技术对黄河三角洲地区4期TM和ETM+影像进行解译判读,获取区域内1992－2005年间农业用地动态演化特征,并构建元胞自动机模型对2001年和2005年的农业用地格局进行模拟。2001年和2005年农业用地模拟的总体精度分别为82.90%和84.48%,Kappa系数分别为0.658和0.689。模拟结果表明元胞自动机模型能够较好地模拟研究区域内农业用地动态变化,为农业用地的演变模拟提供了一种适用的工具。利用元胞自动机模型对4种情景下（面积减少5%、增加5%、10%和15%）的农业用地演变进行了预测。情景分析表明刁口故道附近的农业用地并不稳定,容易发生变化,是需要重点关注的区域。     

冬小麦根层土壤水量平衡的系统动力学模型

为获取冬小麦根系层水量转化情况,该文采用系统动力学的建模思想和Vensim软件构建了冬小麦一维逐日土壤水量平衡模型。模型将2m土层概化为十个串联的水箱,计算了灌溉降雨后的土壤水分下渗、土壤蒸发、作物蒸腾、毛管上升补给和水分重分配等物理过程。利用河北省石津灌区军齐干渠北二支一斗渠2007－2009年两季冬小麦的田间试验资料对模型进行了率定和验证,结果显示率定期和验证期的平均残差比例和分散均方根比例均在15%以内。三种极端条件测试和六种参数的敏感性测试以及与Hydrus-1模型的比较表明模型假定合理,没有发生结构性错误。对灌区两季冬小麦生育期的土壤水分转化进行模拟,结果表明降雨和灌溉是主要供水水源,毛管水上升量很小,底部渗漏较大,而土壤储水量变化很小。     

Hypotheses to explain patterns of population change among breeding bird species in England

Population declines are now evident across many taxa, but within each assemblage there is often considerable variation in constituent population trends. We used bird population trends produced from the BTO/JNCC Common Birds Census (CBC) and the RSPB/BTO/JNCC Breeding Bird Survey (BBS), to test five main hypotheses to explain population changes of 59 breeding species in England (1967-2006): (1) breeding habitat, (2) predation risk to nest sites, (3) species climatic niche, (4) migration strategy, and (5) over-wintering bioclimatic zones of migrants, accounting for additional demographic and ecological traits. In absence of phylogenetic inter-relatedness, farmland species declined more than woodland species, most pronounced prior to 1986, probably reflecting agricultural intensification (1). We found limited support that ground nesters have declined more than above-ground or cavity nesters (2), and there was some indication that species with more northerly European distributions showed larger declines than more southerly-distributed species (3). Larger population declines were recorded for Afro-tropical migrants than species wintering in Europe or in the UK, most notable prior to 1986 (4). However, declines were not uniform across all migrants (5) - species over-wintering in the arid savannah bioclimatic zone of Africa decreased in population between 1967 and 1976, whereas species wintering in humid West African forest and savannah declined more after 1987. These results suggest both breeding and over-wintering factors influenced population trends. European countries signed to the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals are required to protect and conserve populations of migrants. Understanding connectivity between breeding and over-wintering populations, and similar environmental pressures experienced within over-wintering areas may be a useful step towards mitigating against further declines in migrants.