Predicting the distributions of suitable habitat for three larch species under climate warming in Northeastern China

The larch (Larix) genus is the most important species group in the forest ecosystems in Northeastern China, occupying about 25% of the forest areas. The high tolerance to coldness and relatively fast growth rate make this genus the main species group for forestation. According to the predictions of the global circulation model CGCM3, temperature could rise by 2–4 °C over the next 100 years. Few studies have been conducted on the response of larch species to climate warming in Northeastern China. Such studies are becoming increasingly needed due to the economic and ecological significance of this genus. This paper studies the potential distribution ranges of three larch species under the current and the warming climate conditions. A new classification and regression tree technique, Random Forest, was used to investigate the potential distributions of three larch species, based on 18 environmental variables which reflect the climate, topography and soil conditions of Northeastern China. The results showed that the biological coldness index (BCI) is the most important factor for Dahurian larch, annual precipitation (AP) is the most important factor for Korean larch and elevation (DEM) is the most important factor for Prince Rupprecht larch.     

室内模拟实验研究中国北方不同管理方式对土壤固碳潜力的影响

Soil has been identified as a possible carbon(C) sink for sequestering atmospheric carbon dioxide(CO_2).However,soil organic carbon(SOC) dynamics in agro-ecosystems is affected by complex interactions of various factors including climate,soil and agricultural management practices,which hinders our understanding of the underlying mechanisms.The objectives of this study were to use the Agricultural Production Systems sIMulator(APSIM) model to simulate the long-term SOC dynamics under different management practices at four long-term experimental sites,Zhengzhou and Xuzhou with double cropping systems and Gongzhuling and Uriimqi with single cropping systems,located in northern China.Firstly,the model was calibrated using information from the sites and literature,and its performance to predict crop growth and SOC dynamics was examined.The calibrated model was then used to assess the impacts of different management practices,including fertilizer application,irrigation,and residue retention,on C dynamics in the top 30 cm of the soil by scenario modelling.Results indicate a significant SOC sequestration potential through improved management practices of nitrogen(N) fertilizer application,stubble retention,and irrigation.Optimal N fertilization(N_(opt)) and 100%stubble retention(R100) increased SOC by about 11.2%,208.29%,and 283.67%under irrigation at Gongzhuling,Zhengzhou,and Xuzhou,respectively.Soil organic carbon decreased rapidly at(U|¨)rumqi under irrigation,which was due to the enhanced decomposition by increased soil moisture.Under rainfed condition,SOC remained at a higher level.The combination of N_(opt) and R100 increased SOC by about 0.46%under rainfed condition at Uriimqi.Generally,agricultural soils with double cropping systems(Zhengzhou and Xuzhou) showed a greater potential to sequester C than those with single cropping systems(Gongzhuling and(U|¨)r(u|¨)mqi).     

黄河三角洲农业用地动态变化模拟与情景分析

为明确农业用地变化的动态特征和影响要素,预测不同情景下的农业用地的时空变化格局。利用遥感和地理信息系统技术对黄河三角洲地区4期TM和ETM+影像进行解译判读,获取区域内1992－2005年间农业用地动态演化特征,并构建元胞自动机模型对2001年和2005年的农业用地格局进行模拟。2001年和2005年农业用地模拟的总体精度分别为82.90%和84.48%,Kappa系数分别为0.658和0.689。模拟结果表明元胞自动机模型能够较好地模拟研究区域内农业用地动态变化,为农业用地的演变模拟提供了一种适用的工具。利用元胞自动机模型对4种情景下（面积减少5%、增加5%、10%和15%）的农业用地演变进行了预测。情景分析表明刁口故道附近的农业用地并不稳定,容易发生变化,是需要重点关注的区域。     

Application of the InVEST model for assessing water yield and its response to precipitation and land use in the Weihe River Basin,China

With realizing the importance of ecosystem services to society, the efforts to evaluate the ecosystem services have increased. As the largest tributary of the Yellow River, the Weihe River has been endowed with many ecological service functions. Among which, water yield can be a measure of local availability of water and an index for evaluating the conservation function of the region. This study aimed to explore the temporal and spatial variation of water yield and its influencing factors in the Weihe River Basin (WRB), and provide basis for formulating reasonable water resources utilization schemes. Based on the InVEST (integrated valuation of ecosystem services and tradeoffs) model, this study simulated the water yield in the WRB from 1985 to 2019, and discussed the impacts of climatic factors and land use change on water yield by spatial autocorrelation analysis and scenario analysis methods. The results showed that there was a slight increasing trend in water yield in the WRB over the study period with the increasing rate of 4.84 mm/10a and an average depth of 83.14 mm. The main water-producing areas were concentrated along the mainstream of the Weihe River and in the southern basin. Changes in water yield were comprehensively affected by climate and underlying surface factors. Precipitation was the main factor affecting water yield, which was consistent with water yield in time. And there existed significant spatial agglomeration between water yield and precipitation. Land use had little impact on the amount of water yield, but had an impact on its spatial distribution. Water yield was higher in areas with wide distribution of construction land and grassland. Water yield of different land use types were different. Unused land showed the largest water yield capacity, whereas grassland and farmland contributed most to the total water yield. The increasing water yield in the basin indicates an enhanced water supply service function of the ecosystem. These results are of great significance to the water resources management of the WRB.     

基于IPAT等式的甘肃省能源消费碳排放特征分析及情景预测

认清甘肃省的能源消费及碳排放特征对于实现"节能减排"目标制定具有重要的意义。文中在分析甘肃省1990～2009年能源碳排放量及其构成的基础上,利用IPAT等式分析了能源碳排放量中人类活动的影响,并对甘肃省未来的经济发展与碳排放量进行了情景预测。结果表明:在人口、收入和碳排放强度的共同作用下,2009年的能源碳排放量达到了3684.54×104t,为1990年的2.54倍。能源碳排放量的构成主要取决于能源消费结构的变化,通过能源结构调整促进低碳经济发展,还有巨大的潜力可挖。根据"脱钩"理论分析表明,甘肃省的碳排放还处于弱减物质化阶段,经济发展是以生态环境恶化为代价的,着力引进并发展可再生能源技术,有利于甘肃省实现可持续发展。     

掺混法在燃气热值调整中的应用

为解决管输天然气热值高于城市燃气所需热值的问题,达到经济、合理、充分的利用天然气的目的,提出采用投资少的掺混法调整LNG热值,并且从配置方式、工艺流程、调节原理和设置气态的天然气或空气混合装置等方面对掺混法工艺流程和控制方案进行了研究分析,阐明了掺混法在LNG热值调整中应用的可行性。     

基于CA-MARKOV模型的江苏沿海土地利用变化情景分析

以江苏沿海为例,基于2000年、2005年、2010年TM影像解译数据,分析了江苏沿海土地利用类型的动态变化,结合转移矩阵和CA-Markov模型,设定了自然发展趋势、生态环境保护管理和城市规划与区域发展3种不同的情景进行模拟预测。结果表明:(1)2000—2010年耕地、草地、林地面积有所减少,其他面积有所增加,2005—2010年城乡居民用地增加1 341.45km~2,耕地减少1 147.65km~2,城镇化发展速度较快,建设用地占用大量生态用地。(2)自然发展趋势情景与生态保护情景相比,林地、草地的面积变化不大,仅城乡居民用地面积多出583.68km~2,说明该情景既保护生态环境也保证城乡发展;生态保护情景下城乡居民用地面积10年间仅增长684.78km~2,说明该情景下生态环境虽然得到保护,但也限制了该区域城镇化发展;城市规划与区域发展情景下城乡居民用地比2010年增加3 963.35km~2,而耕地、林地和草地面积大幅度减少,说明过分强调城市的发展,不仅会导致耕地面积大幅减小,威胁粮食安全,也会对当地的生态系统带来巨大的危害。通过对不同情景的模拟,可为区域土地规划、生态保护以及可持续发展提供决策依据。     

北京山区农村居民点整理用地转换方向模拟

农村居民点用地不同转换方向将对区域景观格局带来不同的环境效应,如何因地制宜地科学确定农村居民点整理方向是当前农村居民点整理工作中需解决的一个重要基础理论问题。该文使用CA-Markov模型对北京山区未来土地利用进行了多情景模拟,进而对其景观格局指数进行了比较分析,以反映不同农村居民点转换方向引起的不同环境效应。研究结果表明,山区农村居民点用地整理去向为耕地和园地时景观效应较差,而依靠适宜性评价结果或整理成林地则取得较好景观效应。因而,在当前北京山区农村居民点整理过程中,应审慎看待整理为耕地或者园地的普遍做法,在科学评价的基础上因地制宜地确定山区农村居民点的整理方向,使其与其周围基质相谐调以更好地优化土地利用总体格局获取最大环境效益。     

不同优化情境下的县南沟流域商品型生态农业系统耦合关系

在对县南沟流域退耕还林工程实施后商品型生态农业系统现状耦合态势分析的基础上,以该流域商品型生态农业系统优化方案为基础,利用耦合过程模型,预测了系统在链网构建阶段、农业经济系统与农业生态系统优化耦合阶段的耦合关系。结果表明:自退耕还林工程实施以来,县南沟流域商品型生态农业系统一直处于协调化发展阶段,且农业生态系统与农业经济系统的综合指数均不断增加。当农业生态系统达到自我调节临界点时,在现状发展态势下农业经济系统演变速度为 V_En（t）=0.0673El（t）,商品型生态农业系统链网构建阶段农业经济系统演变速度为V_En（t）=0.0913El（t）,农业经济系统与农业生态系统优化耦合阶段农业经济系统演变速度为 V_En（t）=0.0999El（t）,系统链网的完善、资源的合理高效利用以及碳汇林业的发展解决了商品型生态农业系统健康、持续发展的问题,同时提高了系统功能。     

RCP情景下长江中下游地区水稻生育期内高温事件的变化特征

基于1981-2009年历史气象数据和全球气候模式HadGEM2-ES输出的未来2021-2050年RCP气候情景数据,采用日最高温度大于35℃的高温日数（HSD）、高温最长持续日数（MCD）和高温有效积温（HDD）,分析过去和未来长江中下游地区水稻生育期高温事件频率、持续时间和强度的变化特征。结果表明：1981-2009年,长江中下游地区水稻生育期内温度升高,各高温指标均一致显著增加,Tmax（平均日最高气温）、HSD、MCD、HDD的气候倾向率分别为0.51℃·10a-1,3.9d·10a-1,0.6d·10a-1和8.2℃·d·10a-1,空间上表现为由北向南递增。除MCD外,Tmax、HSD和HDD均在2001-2002年发生由少到多的突变。2021-2050年两种RCP情景下,长江中下游大部分地区水稻生育期间日最高气温持续升高,高温日数增多,持续时间延长,高温强度增强。RCP2.6情景下,水稻生育期内Tmax、HSD、MCD、HDD较基准时段（1981-2009年）分别增加1.5℃、11.3d、5.6d和45.3℃·d,RCP8.5情景下分别增加1.7℃、15.4d、6.2d和61.1℃·d,且各高温事件在高值区的概率进一步加大。各指标的空间变化特征具有差异性,Tmax、HSD和MCD的增加幅度由东南向西北递增,湖南西部和江苏北部等基准期温度相对较低的地区增幅更大,而HDD的增幅以中部地区较大。湖北、安徽、湖南和江西中北部是未来高温事件频率、持续时间和强度均大幅增加的地区,防灾减灾工作严峻,需采取调整水稻播期,更替耐高温品种等措施减轻高温对水稻的危害。