金沙江干热河谷生态问题与退耕还林技术模式的研究

通过对金沙江干热河谷生态环境和经营条件分析，提出适合金沙江流域不同海拔和立地条件的退耕还林的技术模式，论述了经济林模式、生态林模式、用材林模式和林草混交立体模式的适用立地条件、造林树种、经营技术及经济效益。     

Incidence and Severity of Bean Rust (Uromyces appendiculatus) in Alleys between Leucaena Hedgerows in Kenya

The effects of inter-row spacing of Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit in an alley cropping system on the incidence and severity of rust (Uromyces appendiculatus (Pers.) Unger) on intercropped beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and their yield were examined over 2 years (1993 and 1994) at Chepkoilel Campus in Kenya. Each experiment consisted of three randomized blocks with treatments of three alley widths (2 m, 4 m and 8 m) and a treeless control with two intra-row spacings of Leucaena (0.5 m and 1.0 m). Hedgerows were coppiced at 1.0 m height and pruned subsequently at 2–3 months intervals. No fertilizer was applied but Leucaena loppings were incorporated as green leaf manure. Rust on beans was assessed at three growth stages in each season, using the Centro International de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT) scales. Microclimate was monitored in treatments, in 1994. Bean growth and yield were also measured. Rust increased with increasing alley width and was less severe in bean rows adjacent to hedgerows. Bean yield was highest in the treeless control plots and declined with decreasing alley width. Beans in 2 m alleys had significantly lower (p < 0.05) yields than 8 m alleys and treeless control plots. Bean growth was greatly modified in 2 m alleys and close to hedgerows. Light availability and diurnal temperature increased with alley width but relative humidity and leaf wetness duration decreased. Proximity to hedgerows also had marked effect on microclimate. The changes in yield, rust incidence and severity were examined in relation to microclimate, inoculum survival and dispersal.     

Forest patches in Imperata grassland and prospects for their preservation under agricultural intensification in Northeast Luzon, The Philippines

Frequent burning and grazing and cultivation of cash crops increasingly threaten forest patches in hilly grassland in Northeast Luzon, yet their importance as a resource with multiple environmental functions and forest products persists. The aim of this study is to identify different types of forest patches, and their condition under present land-use intensification, and discuss prospects for their integration into sustainable local farming systems. Five types of forest patches are distinguished, both natural and planted ones, including rows of trees, woody patches, gallery forests, hill-slope forests and homegarden conglomerations. Natural woody patches and gallery forests in Imperata grassland are subject to degradation and land-use conversion under conditions of agricultural intensification. Woody patches in grassland affected by frequent burning and grazing cover small areas (66% below 50 m² as opposed to 28% in protected grassland) and contain relatively few woody plant species (25 woody species in total as opposed to 82 where protected). Yet where well managed, they may provide a variety of products for sale and subsistence, covering emergency needs and giving off-season cash income to rural communities. Moreover they serve like the gallery forest various ecological functions, carrying valuable indigenous tree species, retaining soil base nutrients, providing a continuous supply of organic matter and intercepting fine earth soil particles removed from bare surfaces. It is suggested that forest-patch management systems may be developed, taking into account both patch diversity and the diverse needs of rural communities, and to strengthen existing and undervalued functions of forest patches as permanent elements in an agricultural landscape.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

退耕坡地系统生态综合评价中几个景观生态学问题

退耕坡地系统属于退化土地生态系统,大部分是毁林(草)开荒形成的,是人为加速了自然生态系统的逆行演替而形成的低产脆弱的生态系统。对退化生态系统进行综合整治与恢复,以及人工生态系统的重建的理论基础是生态演替和人为设计理论。退耕还林(草)是通过一定的社会物质和能量的投入定向加速景观生态系统的演替过程。评价退耕地的生态经济效益是退耕还林(草)工程的重要组成部分,重点评定项目是否实现预期目标、项目的产出、效果和影响。本文应用景观生态学的理论:景观尺度与等级理论、景观空间格局与异质性理论、景观演化与干扰理论探讨了退耕地生态评价的内容、方法和应注意的问题,从而为退耕还林(草)工程的顺利进行提供有力的保障。     

关于黑龙江省造林绿化信息系统的研究

本文论述了退耕还林管理信息系统应用软件的研制及主要功能、特点。该软件主要为黑龙江省各级林业部门提供有关退耕还林管理的辅助决策服务;它是集地理信息、管理信息、资源信息、动态信息于一体的应用软件。     

基于BiLSTM-GRU融合网络的稻虾养殖溶解氧含量预测

在稻虾养殖模式中溶解氧含量(浓度)是养殖水体的重要指标之一,其直接影响小龙虾的摄食量和新陈代谢,因此在养殖过程中精准预测溶解氧含量至关重要。针对稻虾养殖中溶解氧含量变化复杂,难以快速准确预测的问题,提出了BiLSTM-GRU融合神经网络预测模型。为了保证精准预测,首先对传感器进行了清洗校准,并根据偏移量对历史数据进行了修正。在此基础上构建了基于BiLSTM和GRU的融合神经网络训练模型,BiLSTM提取更多特征因子,GRU实现快速预测,快速准确预测溶解氧含量变化。为了使监测预测性能更优,对不同采样周期下的资源损耗及预测模型性能进行综合对比分析,确定了传感器数据最优采样周期为30 min。进一步与LSTM、GRU、BiLSTM以及BiGRU模型对比,表明本文提出的BiLSTM-GRU融合神经网络模型的预测效果更好,其平均绝对误差、均方根误差和决定系数分别为0.275 9 mg/L、0.616 0 mg/L和0.954 7,比传统的LSTM神经网络模型分别高25.14%、13.25%和2.22%。     

上海市稻田耕作制度演变与绿色高质量发展进程

水稻生产不仅对于保障粮食安全意义重大,同时稻田作为一类特殊的人工湿地,对城市的可持续发展也至关重要。上海稻田耕作制度从20世纪80年代的三熟制转变为两熟制,到2010年代又从两熟制逐渐调整为一熟制。近年来,逐步形成了用地与养地相结合的耕作制度,部分地区成功探索了稻田种养结合的绿色生产模式,并逐步实现了品牌化生产。然而,上海水稻绿色生产也面临诸多挑战,包括粮食稳产压力、资源与环境约束以及高度依赖财政补贴、自身盈利能力不足等。针对上述问题,本文提出了今后稻田耕作制度绿色、高质量发展的对策：在确保耕地面积、稻田比例不下降与稳定单产潜力的基础上,稳定全市粮食产量;创新和集成绿色栽培技术,提升稻田湿地生态功能;深化稻米品牌建设,以品牌化实现生态产品价值,提升水稻绿色种植经济效益。     

鄂东地区稻田二熟制模式的生产力、温光资源利用和氮磷养分平衡比较

为了优化鄂东地区稻田耕作制度,挖掘作物周年生产潜力,提高作物生产效益和资源利用效率,通过连续4 a的定位试验,比较了油菜-玉米 （oilseed rape-maize,O-M）、油菜-水稻 （oilseed rape-rice,O-R）、油菜-节水抗旱稻 （oilseed rape-water-saving and drought-resistant rice,O-WDR）、小麦-玉米 （wheat-maize,W-M）、小麦-水稻 （wheat-rice,W-R）、冬闲-双季稻 （fallow- double season rice,F-DR）6种二熟制种植模式的周年生产力、生产效益、温光资源和氮磷利用以及土壤氮磷含量变化的差异。结果显示：周年经济产量以W-R模式最高,其次为O-R模式,而平均周年生产效益以O-R模式最高;氮利用率以O-R和W-R模式在鄂最高,磷利用率以O-R模式最高,温光资源利用效率则以F-DR模式最高。经过4轮复种后,O-R模式在鄂东地区具较高的丰产性和稳产性及良好的生产效益,并有利于维持农田土壤肥力和降低氮流失风险,具有替代传统双季稻模式的应用前景。     

Commercial cash crop production and households’ economic welfare: Evidence from the pulse farmers in rural China

Whether promoting cash crop production can increase household welfare has long been the focus of the food policy debate. This study first investigated the determinants of household behavior in commercial pulse farming. It then examined how households’ commercial pulse production improves their economic welfare. We used a dataset of 848 households collected from 2018 to 2019 to estimate the determinants of household behavior in commercial pulse farming by the Heckman two-step model. The endogenous treatment regression (ETR) method was employed to examine the impact of commercial pulse farming on household economic welfare. The results showed that factors such as market purchase prices, agricultural technology services, farmers’ access to loans, and government subsidies promoted smallholders’ commercial pulse farming; production costs and perceptions of climate change risks constrained smallholders’ commercial pulse production. Overall, commercial pulse production has increased household farm income but there was a limited impact on household off-farm income. Our findings suggest that policies aiming to increase households’ cash crop production and market access could significantly improve the economic welfare of pulse farmers.     

稻蟹生态种养关键技术

本文介绍了稻蟹生态种养关键技术,具体包括基地选择、稻田工程建设、水稻栽培、河蟹养殖等方面内容,以期为稻蟹产品提质增效提供科学参考。