Forest management inspired by natural disturbance dynamics (DISTDYN) – a long-term research and development project in Finland

A large-scale and long-term research and development project Forest management inspired by natural disturbance dynamics (DISTDYN) was initiated in Finland in 2009. The aim is to examine how variation in spatial and temporal scales of felling affects forest structure and biota. Harvesting methods applied in this project include selection, gap, partial and clear felling with variable retention. Rehabilitation is also applied as dead wood is intentionally increased while harvesting. The motivation of the project lies in the growing interest in using natural disturbances as an inspiration of forest-ecosystem management and in the recognition that mid- to small-scale disturbances are a characteristic feature of unmanaged Fennoscandian forests. The effects of felling methods are studied at the stand scale. However, a unique aspect of the project is the focus on landscape-scale impacts of different harvesting alternatives by comparing ca. 150-ha landscape units with varying harvesting regimes. Overall, the project aims at creating a long-lasting multidisciplinary research infrastructure. It also addresses core issues of forest-ecosystem management, including ecological, timber-production, economic and socio-cultural performances of alternative harvesting practices.     

华北地区经济树种蚧害研究

对华北地区经济树种蚧虫的种类区系、发生和分布规律及为害特点进行了系统研究。据调查，现已知华北经济树种蚧虫共有９科１２２种。随纬度增高、立地条件恶化、植物群落简单、人为活动频繁、管理水平粗放，蚧虫种类增多，为害严重。一般情况下，观赏树木受害普遍，温室植物受害严重，果树及平原地区林木部分受害，山地森林受害轻微。     

省域尺度下畜禽粪便的农田消纳量及承载负荷研究

为了解畜禽养殖粪便还田利用消除养殖污染的重要途径,在构建畜禽粪便的农田消纳量及承载负荷模型的基础上,在省域尺度下分析了我国不同省区主要畜禽类型粪便产生总氮(TN)、单位面积畜禽粪便TN的容纳量以及单位面积畜禽粪便TN的承载负荷。结果表明,全国畜禽粪便TN产生量是380.56万t,其中猪、奶牛、肉牛、蛋鸡和肉鸡粪便TN分别占41.2%、13.7%、8.7%、1.5%和34.9%,总量分布山东最高占到15.9%,其次河南占13.4%,河北第三占9.2%。单位面积的畜禽粪便TN容纳量北京最高,单位耕地面积达到83.2kg/hm~2,单位播种面积达到68.2kg/hm~2,低于耕地面积的承载量90kg/hm~2的安全消纳的临界点。基于欧盟标准,省域尺度下的TN承载负荷均小于0.5,其中北京最高,耕地面积下的承载负荷是0.48,播种面积下的承载负荷0.39。畜禽粪便TN负荷主要来自生猪与肉鸡,差不多是畜禽TN负荷的一半,因此,畜禽粪便污染的防治主要是生猪与肉鸡,其中重点是生猪。由此可见,我国农田消纳畜禽粪便的潜力较大,通过畜禽粪便还田利用能够有效的解决粪便污染问题。     

论集群经济的规模经济和小城镇效应

集群经济具有规模经济效应和小城镇效应，是我国经济进一步腾飞的征兆。我国必须抓住机遇，积极鼓励、大力倡导、合理布局、扶持发展。本文在分析了集群现象规模经济效应和小城镇效应的基础上，从6个方面对小城镇和集群经济结合发展，提出了建设性的建议和对策。     

茄子工厂化育苗技术中基质穴盘肥料优化研究

运用正交试验设计方法,对茄子工厂化育苗中使用的烘干鸡粪用量、草炭与蛭石配比和穴盘孔数3因素与幼苗生长和壮苗指数的关系进行了育苗试验。结果表明,3因素作用效果排序是鸡粪用量>穴盘孔数>草炭与蛭石配比,最佳水平的组合方案是烘干鸡粪用量为5.0 kg/m3,草炭与蛭石配比为2:1,穴盘孔数为50孔。     

色彩意象尺度在数控机床ICAID系统中的研究及应用

研究以数控机床ICAID系统中色彩设计过程为对象，进行了色彩意象尺度法实验和对设计者设计认知过程实验．通过心理量表测量、因子分析和口语分析，建立了数控机床产品的二维色彩意象认知空间，提出了色彩辅助设计过程模型框架．开发了配色器，并实现数控机床ICAID系统的产品色彩设计定义、检索、使用、修改的系统化应用．系统在互联网上得到了成功验证．     

甘肃省农户经营主体演变分析及问题探讨

农户作为农业经营主体的主要组成部分,只有对其进行正确的分析和评价,把握其特点,才能为甘肃省各级政府农业发展、区域经济发展以及农业经营主体发展政策的制定提供参考。本研究从甘肃省农业经营主体这一视角介绍了农户经营主体的历史变迁,探讨了农户经营主体演变的特点,对农户经营主体变迁中存在的问题进行了较为详细地分析,并给出了相应建议。     

黄土高原西部人工灌木林土壤水分分布规律

利用便携式中子水分测定仪,对黄土高原西部丘陵区不同立地条件、不同灌木类型覆盖下土壤水分含量进行观测研究,同时对人工灌木林土壤水分分布规律进行了初步的探讨。结果表明：阴坡土壤水分储量最高,其次为半阴坡和半阳坡,阳坡最低,坡向因子与土壤水分储量呈显著正相关,坡位因子与土壤水分储量相关性不显著。柠条(Caragana korshinskii)、半日花(Helianthemum songaricum)耗水量较大,沙木蓼(Atraphaxis bracteata）、梭梭(Haloxylon ammodendron)等耗水量居中,荒漠锦鸡儿(Caragana roborovskyi)、甘蒙锦鸡儿(Caragana opulens)、枸杞(Lycium chinense)耗水量较低,在植被恢复过程中,应根据物种抗旱性的不同在不同坡向进行合理的配置。从单株植物对土壤水分水平分布的影响看,随着离树干距离的加大,土壤水分含量越高,但在不同的土层深度土壤水分水平分布特征有差异。     

不同防治对策对柑桔糠片蚧种群的影响

1984—1987年在湖南桔园进行了综防对策、化防对策和自控(不采取任何人为的防治措施)等处理对柑桔主要害虫——糠片蚧种群影响的比较研究。综防区采用综合措施,刷洗主干,释放部分天敌,剪去蚧虫为害严重的枝条,冬季和夏季分别施用一次松脂合剂和矿油乳剂;化防区按常规每年喷药5—6次;结果表明:综防区全年虫口密度与化防区相近,两者均显著低于自控区;综防区糠片蚧蚜小蜂等寄生性天敌未受到明显的损害,捕食性蓟马、钝绥螨等捕食性天敌明显多于自控区;其它非生物致死因子对幼蚧的作用大于化防区,果实出口率自1986年起亦较化防区显著上升。自控区糠片蚧未得到控制,果实出口率较化防区降低13.3%—29.8%。化防区各种天敌的作用均显著下降,农药残留亦高。除自控区和化防区柑桔全爪螨为害较重外,其它害虫在各区的为害均处于较低的水平。文章还评价了在三种处理区致死因子对糠片蚧种群趋势指数的作用。     

Testing the spatial significance of weed patterns in arable land using Mead's test

There is a need in weed science for statistical tests for patchiness and spatial pattern. The objective of this study was to investigate the performance of Mead’s test for detecting patterns in synthetic data and in real weed counts made in maize, and making a first assessment of its applicability in ecological studies on weeds. In an extension to Mead’s test, made here for the first time, we merge original quadrat count data into rectangular cells of m by n quadrats. Care was taken to rule out the effect of starting point on the test result. Using the synthetic data, we demonstrate the ability of the test to detect both patchiness and homogeneity as deviations from randomness. The first deviation results in right‐sided significance, and the second in left‐sided significance of the test. Analysis of the real weed patterns demonstrated patchiness at many scales for five of the six investigated species and lack of any deviation from randomness in the sixth: Taraxacum officinale. The latter was the only wind dispersing species in the dataset. No deviation towards homogeneity was found in any of the real weed species at any scale. All patchy patterns showed anisotropy, being elongated in the direction of field traffic. As it turns out, Mead’s test is well suited to detect departures from randomness in observed weed patterns and enhances the suite of diagnostic tools that can be employed by weed ecologists.