不同营养水平全混合日粮（TMR）饲喂利杂牛育肥效果分析

[方法]研究采用全混合日粮（TMR）饲喂方式,对利木赞牛与本地黄牛杂交改良后代F1进行低、中、高3个不同营养水平（15～18月龄,分别编为试验Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组）的日粮配方筛选试验,基础日粮为全株玉米青贮+玉米芯+苜蓿干草+肉牛精料补充料,试验期100 d。[结果]研究结果表明,从平均期末体重、期内总增重及日增重指标来看,试验Ⅲ组（高营养水平）平均日增重达（1.63±0.33） ㎏,高于Ⅰ组（1.58±0.29） kg和Ⅱ组（1.61±0.30） kg,按平均期末体重、期内总增重和日增重排序,为试验Ⅲ组（高营养水平）>Ⅱ组（中营养水平）＞Ⅰ组（低营养水平）,试验结果的趋势表明,同品种组合杂种肉牛不同营养水平,其育肥增重效果不同。但组间差异不显著（P＞0.05）,可能与标本量不足有关。在经济效益方面,随着精补料/增重比重的增加,相应试验组肉牛的产出增加,但同时也增加了养殖成本,从试验组的头均纯收益、新增投入占产出比以及总投入占产出比3个方面进行从低到高的排序为Ⅲ组（高营养水平）＜Ⅱ组（中营养水平）＜Ⅰ组（低营养水平）。[结论]试验结果表明,此结果与其平均日增重和日料的营养水平是相吻合的。因此,为了节本增效,应充分利用宁夏地区的优势杂交肉牛组合,同时辅以标准化的、能够充分利用当地饲草优势的、多元化的、科学的日粮配方。     

Influence of mapping resolution on assessments of stream and streamside conditions: lessons from coastal Oregon,USA

• 1. Digital hydrographic data are commonly employed in research, planning, and monitoring for freshwater conservation, but hydrographic datasets differ in spatial resolution and accuracy of spatial representation, possibly leading to inaccurate conclusions or unsuitable policies for streams and streamside areas.
• 2. To examine and illustrate the potential for different hydrographic datasets to influence in‐channel and streamside characterizations, a study area in the US Pacific Northwest was chosen because 1:100 000, 1:24 000, and densified 1:24 000 hydrography are available and widely used in research and management for several species of Pacific salmon and trout at risk. The potential was examined for differences among the digital hydrographic datasets in: (1) spatial extent to influence estimated abundances of fish habitat, streamside buffer conditions, and fish distributions; and (2) spatial position to influence estimated streamside buffer conditions and estimated stream gradient.
• 3. The analysis of spatial extent found the total stream length represented by the 1:100 000 hydrography was approximately one half that of 1:24 000 hydrography and only one fifth that of densified 1:24 000 hydrography. The 1:100 000 and 1:24 000 networks differed significantly for 13 out of 18 fish habitat attributes, and the three hydrographic datasets differed significantly for many characteristics in streamside buffers; fish distributions mapped at 1:24 000 added 6–14% of stream length to 1:100 000 distributions. The analysis of spatial position found few differences between the 1:100 000 and 1:24 000 hydrography in streamside buffer characteristics but significant differences in channel gradient.
• 4. Overall, hydrographic datasets differed only slightly in spatial position but differed in spatial extent to the point of representing different populations of streams. If species inhabiting larger streams (greater mean annual discharge) are of interest, then results derived from studies based on 1:100 000 hydrography should prove useful. However, higher‐resolution hydrography can be critical when designing and implementing strategies to protect fish and other aquatic species at risk in smaller streams.

Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

低聚果糖对小鼠肠道菌群影响与机体免疫调节关系的研究

为了研究低聚果糖对小鼠肠道菌群影响与机体免疫调节的关系,分别选取18～22 g BALB/C健康清洁级雄性小鼠与清洁级昆明种雌性小鼠进行肠道菌群和免疫指标的检测.受试对象分别以0g/(kg·Bw)、0.69g/(kg·BW)、1.38g/(kg·BW)和4.15 g/k(kg·BW)灌胃低聚果糖,于给药后20 d测定粪便中双歧杆菌、乳杆菌、肠球菌、肠杆菌、产气英膜梭菌的菌数,33 d后测定细胞免疫功能、体液免疫功能、单核-巨噬细胞功能、NK细胞活性等指标.试验结果表明,1.38 g/(kg·BW)低聚果糖能够促进乳杆菌的增加并抑制肠杆菌的增幅,4.15 g/(kg·BW)的低聚果糖能够促进乳杆菌和双歧杆菌的增加并抑制肠杆菌和肠球菌的增幅;低聚果糖可以提高小鼠的免疫力,两者之间具有关联作用.     

Predicting the distributions of plant species at the regional scale: a hierarchical matrix model

This paper describes a model which links four levels in an ecological hierarchy using a series of matrices. The four levels are landscape, land cover type, community and species. Each matrix quantifies the probabilistic associations between entities in two adjacent levels in the hierarchy. A landscape classification (1 km resolution) provides a spatial element to the model enabling the distributions of species to be predicted and presented as maps within a geographical information system (GIS). Implementation of the model in Northern England is described. The distributions of 579 species of plants were predicted and compared with data from independent field surveys. The predicted distributions were found to be accurate for 59 % of species. The distributions of rare and non-native (introduced) species of plant were relatively poorly predicted. The potential of this approach to model plant species distributions is discussed.     

基于区域适应性的特色林果业发展探讨

[目的]通过特色林果业区域适应性分析,将特色林果配置在最适宜的自然生态区域进行生产经营,从而以特色优异品质获取较高的市场占有率,发挥特色产业的比较与竞争优势.[方法]以新疆特色林果业为研究对象,选取具有代表性的林果产品,从生物品种适应性、规模适应性、环境适应性三个方面分析特色林果业区域适应性问题.[结果]新疆具有发展特色林果业的资源优势和规模优势,适宜的生物条件保证了林果品质的优异性和稳定性.[结论]发展特色林果业,依据其生物品种适应性所形成的潜力规模和追求经济效益的合理规模的约束,因地制宜,适度发展,满足特色林果业的区域适应性,提升产业竞争力.     

欧洲水仙鳞片组织培养与快速繁殖

以欧洲水仙‘Dutch Master’为研究材料,通过对鳞片取材部位、培养光照、激素配比以及组培苗移栽基质的研究发现,欧洲水仙初代培养的较适外植体为内层鳞片下部,合适光照度为1 000 lx。愈伤组织诱导培养基为MS+6-BA 2.0 mg/L+2,4-D 0.3 mg/L+蔗糖30 g/L,小鳞茎的诱导分化培养基为MS+6-BA 2.0 mg/L+NAA 0.2mg/L+蔗糖30 g/L,小鳞茎继代增殖培养基为MS+6-BA 1.5 mg/L+NAA 0.3 mg/L+蔗糖30 g/L,生根培养基为1/2MS+6-BA 0.3 mg/L+NAA 0.5 mg/L+蔗糖20 g/L。炼苗移栽基质配比为V(蛭石)∶V(泥炭土)∶V(园土)=1∶1∶2。     

吡虫啉对豌豆蚜的亚致死效应

室内测定了吡虫啉的亚致死剂量（LC20、LC30、LC40）对豌豆蚜的生长发育、繁殖和种群参数的影响。结果表明,随着吡虫啉亚致死剂量的增加,豌豆蚜F0代成蚜的寿命显著缩短,产蚜量显著降低。亚致死剂量也使F1代种群的内禀增长率、净增殖率和周限增长率降低,而发育历期、平均世代周期和种群加倍时间延长。     

梨麦间作系统水分效应与土地利用效应的研究

对黄淮海平原农区宽带距多行带梨麦间作系统水分效应、产量效应与土地利用效应进行了研究。结果表明：小麦拔节一乳熟期间，间作系统内小麦日蒸腾耗水比单作麦田低21．6％；距梨树0．0～7．0m，为土壤水分的降低区，7．0～25．0m为土壤水分提高区，间作系统总体上使麦田0～200cm土壤贮水量提高11．81％；间作系统内小麦水分利用率比单作麦田约高8．7％；间作系统小麦单产量比单作麦田高6．6％，土地当量值可达1．19。就水分效应和土地利用效应而言，在黄淮海平原农区发展这种宽带距多行带梨麦间作模式具有一定的可行性。     

重新构建乡村林场产权制度的研究

浙江省乡村林场近几年有了迅速发展，但同时其产权制度建设是严重滞后和欠缺的。文章认为重新构建乡村场产权制度是适应社会主义市场经济发展，建立现代林业企业制度的客观要求的。是深化南方集体林区林业改革，推行林业股份合作制的前提条件，是发展规模经济的需要。根据不同类型乡村林场产权制度建设的调查研究。文章提出理顺产权关系，明晰产权主体，改革现行产权结构和切实保护产权主体利益等具体措施，以促进乡村林场的健康发展     

T-2毒素研究进展

T-2毒素是污染我国饲料的主要霉菌毒素,主要危害动物的造血组织和免疫器官,引起出血性综合征,出现白细胞减少、贫血,使胃肠道功能受损等,对畜禽健康和畜牧业生产的危害很大.本文主要从T-2毒素的一般性质、产毒菌株、毒性效应、毒性机制及预防控制等方面作了论述.