施氮量和密度对盐碱滩涂水稻产量和品质的影响

为明确施氮量和密度互作对盐碱滩涂水稻产量和品质形成特征的影响,以淮稻5号为试验材料, 设置6个施氮量处理:N0(0 kg·hm^-2)、N210(210 kg·hm^-2)、N255(255 kg·hm^-2)、N300(300 kg·hm^-2)、N345(345 kg·hm^-2)、N390(390 kg·hm^-2),2个移栽密度处理:D1(33.4 万穴·hm^-2,12 cm×25 cm)、D2(27.8 万穴·hm^-2,12 cm×30 cm),测定了水稻产量及品质形成的相关因素。结果表明,随施氮量增加,单位面积穗数和每穗粒数呈先上升后下降的趋势,以N300处理最高;结实率和千粒重呈下降趋势。不同密度间比较,高密度处理的穗数和千粒重高于低密度处理,每穗粒数和结实率呈相反趋势。施氮量与移栽密度组合中,以N300D1处理的产量最高,达7 978.83 kg·hm^-2。施氮量的增加提高了稻米的加工品质与营养品质,同时降低了外观品质与蒸煮食味品质。移栽密度的增加提高了稻米的营养品质,但降低了加工品质、外观品质和蒸煮食味品质。综合分析认为,施氮量300 kg·hm^-2和移栽密度33.4万穴·hm^-2, 是盐碱滩涂水稻获得高产优质的栽培措施。本研究结果为盐碱滩涂水稻的高产优质栽培提供了理论依据。     

六道沟小流域地形序列土壤碳剖面分布特征及影响因素

为了更好地理解黄土高原植被恢复与生态重建过程对土壤碳循环过程的影响,研究选取位于黄土高原六道沟小流域的典型土壤地形序列(东北坡NE序列,西坡W序列),分析了不同坡向间及同一坡向内随植被类型变化土壤有机碳和无机碳的剖面分布特征及其影响因素。结果表明:六道沟小流域地形序列土壤有机碳含量在0—50cm土层内随土层深度增加而显著降低,50cm土层以下基本趋于稳定,且剖面上层(0—50cm)有机碳含量显著高于剖面下层(50—200cm,p0.05),但在同一深度土层(0—50,50—200,0—200cm)不同坡向林地和草地土壤有机碳平均含量均没有显著差异(p0.05)。与有机碳相比,无机碳含量相对较高并且主要在剖面下部(50cm以下)不同深度土层富集。NE序列林地和草地剖面无机碳平均含量接近(p0.05),而W序列林地剖面无机碳平均含量显著高于草地(p0.05);不同坡向草地剖面无机碳平均含量无显著差异(p0.05),但不同坡向林地剖面无机碳平均含量表现为W序列显著高于NE序列(p0.05)。0—50cm土层有机碳含量与pH、容重和土壤含水量均呈极显著负相关关系,而与土壤总孔隙度呈极显著正相关关系;50—150cm土层无机碳含量与pH和土壤总孔隙度均呈极显著负相关关系,而与容重、黏粒含量和土壤含水量均呈极显著正相关关系。NE序列和W序列2 m土体总碳密度相当,分别为15.2~47.4kg/m~2和18.3~51.3kg/m~2,其中无机碳密度占78%~94%,1—2m土层总碳密度占2m土体总碳密度的35%~74%。若只考虑土壤有机碳库或只考虑浅层1m土壤碳库,六道沟小流域2m土体总碳储量平均将被低估88%和51%。     

Effect of Soil Sample Size on Saturated Soil Hydraulic Conductivity

Saturated hydraulic conductivity (K_sat) is regarded as a key soil physical variable to determine soil infiltration rate, percolation depth and other hydrological processes. The purpose of this study was to determine the best soil sampling’s ring size for measuring K_sat. For this purpose, 25 rings with five different diameters (2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 inch) and with the same depth of 20 cm (five replicates) were hammered in close vicinity to each other into the ground of undisturbed loess deposits of a small farm to measure K_sat and bulk density. Hydraulic conductivity was measured at three constant loads of 22, 27 and 32 cm. The results showed that the ring with the internal diameter of 6 inches had the minimum variation coefficient and maximum K_sat for all the three hydraulic heads. In addition, the bulk density of this ring size was less than the other rings.     

Development of on-line measurement system of bulk density based on on-line measured draught, depth and soil moisture content

On-line measurement of soil compaction is needed for site specific tillage management. The soil bulk density (ρ) indicating soil compaction was measured on-line by means of a developed compaction sensor system that comprised several sensors for on-line measurement of the draught (D) of a soil cutting tool (subsoiler), the soil cutting depth (d) and the soil moisture content (w). The subsoiler D was measured with a single shear beam load cell, whereas d was measured with a wheel gauge that consisted of a swinging arm metal wheel and a linear variable differential transducer (LVDT). The soil w was measured with a near infrared fibre-type spectrophotometer sensor. These on-line three measured parameters were used to calculate ρ, by utilising a hybrid numerical–statistical mathematical model developed in a previous study. Punctual kriging was performed using the variogram estimation and spatial prediction with error (VESPER) 1.6 software to develop the field maps of ρ, soil w, subsoiler d and D, based on 10 m × 10 m grid. To verify the on-line measured ρ map, this map was compared with the map measured by the conventional core sampling method.

The spherical semivariogram models, providing the best fit for all properties was used for kriging of different maps. Maps developed showed that no clear correlation could be detected between different parameters measured and subsoiler D. However, the D value was smaller at shallow penetration d, whereas large D coincided with large ρ values at few positions in the field. Maps of ρ measured with the core sampling and on-line methods were similar, with correlation coefficient (r) and the standard error values of 0.75 and 0.054 Mg m⁻³, respectively. On-line measured ρ exhibited larger errors at very dry zones. The normal distribution of the ρ error between the two different measurement methods showed that about 72% of the errors were less than 0.05 Mg m⁻³ in absolute values. However, the overall mean error of on-line measured ρ was of a small value of 2.3%, which ensures the method accuracy for on-line measurement of ρ. Measurement under very dry conditions should be minimised, because it can lead to a relatively large error, and hence, compacted zones at dry zones cannot be detected correctly.     

Responses of soil nematode community structure to soil carbon changes due to different tillage and cover crop management practices over a nine-year period in Kanto,Japan

The response of the soil food web structure to soil quality changes during long-term anthropogenic disturbance due to farming practices has not been well studied. We evaluated the effects of three tillage systems: moldboard plow/rotary harrow (MP), rotary cultivator (RC), and no-tillage (NT), three winter cover-crop types (fallow, FL; rye, RY; and hairy vetch, HV), and two nitrogen fertilization rates (0 and 100 kg N ha⁻¹ for upland rice, and 0 and 20 kg N ha⁻¹ for soybean production) on changes in nematode community structure. Sixty-nine taxa were counted, total nematode abundance (ALL), bacterial feeders (BAC), predators (PRD), omnivores (OMN), and obligatory root feeders (ORF) were more abundant in NT than in MP and RC, but fungal feeders and facultative root feeders (FFR) were more abundant in RC than in NT and MP. Cover crop also influenced nematode community structure; rye and hairy vetch were always higher in ALL, BAC, FFR, ORF, and OMN than fallow. Seasonal changes in nematode community structure were also significant; in particular, as soil carbon increased, nematode abundance also increased. The relationship between nematode indices and soil carbon was significant only in NT, but not in MP and RC. In NT, with increasing soil carbon, enrichment index and structure index (SI) were positive and significant and channel index was negative. Bulk density was significantly negatively correlated with FFR and ORF. Seasonal difference in nematode community between summer and autumn was larger in an upland rice rotation than in a soybean rotation. Over the nine-year experiment, SI increased not only in NT but also in MP and RC, suggesting that repeated similar tillage inversions in agroecosystems may develop nematode community structures adapted to specific soil environmental conditions. Because NT showed the highest values of both SI and soil carbon, the increase of soil carbon in NT is expected to have a great impact on developing a more diverse nematode community structure.     

猪体三维电学模型构建与验证

针对剩余电流保护装置因保护死区造成的投运率低和误动作问题,构建生物体的电学模型,获取大量的触电信号,进一步研究触电电流与剩余电流间的相互关系,可为解决保护装置存在的上述问题奠定基础。该文以猪为研究对象,采用Otsu算法将CCD相机采集的标准图像二值化,利用Canny边缘检测法提取图像轮廓并细化,在对图像归一化处理的基础上采用圆弧拟合法获取猪体轮廓关键点,并运用整体变换法获得猪体514个关键点的三维空间坐标,在ANSYS平台上建立猪的三维实体模型;基于修正系数法研究猪体组织介电特性的基础上,构建猪的电学模型并进行触电仿真试验。结果表明：触电电压相同时,面接触触电方式,左前肢-左后肢和左前肢-右后肢触电路径下平均电流密度分别为0.973和0.641 A/m2,线接触触电时分别为0.782和0.579 A/m2;相同触电方式下,左前肢-左后肢触电路径中的电流密度大于左前肢-右后肢触电路径中的电流密度,相同触电路径下,面接触触电方式触电电流密度大于线接触触电的电流密度;2种触电方式下各30组数据,触电仿真电流与触电物理试验获得电流的平均相对误差为3.5%,该电学模型在生物体触电仿真研究中可行。研究结果可为进一步研究人体电学模型提供参考。     

短期干旱胁迫下棉花气孔表现及光合特征研究

研究气孔对干旱胁迫的响应有助于了解气孔调节真实行为和提高水分利用效率。本研究以‘国欣9号’为供试棉花品种,在人工气候室利用营养液培养,设置加入PEG-6000浓度为0（对照）、1.5%、3.0%和4.5% 4个处理,处理后1~7 d每隔1 d连续测定其气孔形态、光合和叶绿素荧光指标。结果表明：加入PEG-6000 1 d后,随着处理进程的延长,棉花叶片水势、气孔长度、宽度和开度、净光合速率（P_n）、气孔导度（G_s）、蒸腾速率（T_r）、胞间CO₂浓度（C_i）、最大光化学效率（F_v/F_m）和实际光化学量子产量（Yield）均呈下降趋势,气孔密度和非光化学淬灭系数（NPQ）呈上升趋势;不同处理之间,随着干旱胁迫程度增加,也表现出相似趋势。处理后5 d和7 d,与正常处理相比,1.5%、3.0%和4.5%处理棉花气孔长度、宽度、水势、P_n、G_s、T_r和C_i均差异显著（P<0.05）,气孔长度降低幅度最小（1.17%~2.61%）,G_s降低幅度最大（61.62%~69.09%）,T_r降低幅度为37.62%~67.48%。相关分析表明,棉花气孔长度、宽度和开度之间极显著正相关（P<0.01）,气孔宽度和气孔密度不相关。气孔长度、宽度和开度与P_n和Yield极显著正相关（P<0.01）,与NPQ极显著负相关（P<0.01）,与G_s、T_r和F_v/F_m相关不显著。综上,棉花在PEG-6000诱发干旱后,通过降低气孔开度和增大气孔密度降低净光合速率和气孔导度,叶绿素荧光指标Yield和NPQ比F_v/F_m对干旱更敏感。     

滨海重盐碱地人工栽植柽柳生长动态及生态效应

柽柳(Tamarix chinensis)是盐碱地土壤改良和植被构建的先锋物种,但仅靠柽柳的自然扩散难以在滨海重盐碱地形成灌木优势群落,对盐碱地的改良作用不明显,因此探索重盐碱地人工栽植柽柳的生态效应有重要意义。本研究以撂荒地为对照,对不同树龄的人工柽柳群落的个体生物量、碳储量动态、植物物种组成及其重要值和土壤特性进行分析,以评估重盐碱地栽植柽柳的生态效应。结果显示:3年生、5年生和7年生柽柳个体单株生物量逐渐增加,群落的植被碳密度分别为4.78 t(C)·hm 2、5.56 t(C)·hm 2和6.89 t(C)·hm 2,而对照撂荒地碳密度只有0.98 t(C)·hm 2;与对照地相比,栽植柽柳显著降低了土壤表层的含盐量,对照地土壤0～10 cm的平均盐分含量高达10.53 g·kg 1,而3年生、5年生和7年生0～10 cm土壤平均含盐量分别为3.35g·kg 1、1.86 g·kg 1和5.54 g·kg 1。栽植柽柳后土壤有机质和有效氮呈增高趋势,有效钾含量显著增加,7年生柽柳土壤0～5 cm和5～15 cm的有效钾含量分别比对照地高出65.59%和28.90%。随着柽柳树龄增加群落中草本植物的丰富度逐渐升高,对照地的草本物种只有8种,7年生柽柳群落达到15种;耐盐物种在群落中的重要值随着栽植的时间逐渐降低,盐地碱篷的重要值由34.8下降到0.7,以种子兼营养繁殖的植物如獐毛和苦荬菜的优势度逐渐增大。这证明,重盐碱地人工栽植柽柳可以快速构建灌木优势群落,固碳作用明显;同时栽植柽柳为生态系统提供了进展演替的动力,灌草结合的群落结构和稳定的群落环境不仅促进盐碱地土壤表层盐分含量的降低,也促进了物种多样性的增加和群落的进展演替,是提高滨海重盐碱地利用率的有效途径。     

冻融影响下黑土耕层剖面速效氮动态变化

为了探明冻融过程对东北典型黑土耕层氮(N)生物有效性的影响,试验利用室内模拟方法,探究了不同冻结温度、土壤容重、含水量、冻融循环次数影响下耕层土壤剖面速效氮(AN)的时空分布规律。结果表明,经冻融循环后,土壤AN含量随土层深度增加呈现波动性下降;冻结温度越低,AN随土层深度增加下降的波动性越大,AN峰值、AN土柱平均值越低;冻结温度-15℃时整个土柱AN平均值比-10℃降低9.3%~44.6%;容重增高,AN含量降低,AN/TN值升高,土壤容重1.1 g/cm³时整个土柱AN平均值比容重1.0 g/cm³降低13.0%~18.6%,容重1.1 g/cm³整个土柱AN/TN平均值比容重1.0 g/cm³显著提升0.6~4.7倍;随着含水量的提高,低容重(1.0 g/cm³)表层(0—8 cm)AN越高,底层(20—30 cm)AN越低,而高容重(1.1 g/cm³)土柱表层(4—8 cm)AN越高,表层(0—4 cm)AN、底层(20—30 cm)AN越低;在各个变量中,pH大小与AN累积趋势呈负相关关系,含水量、TDS、电导率、冻结温度均与AN含量成正相关,是否冻融循环对AN垂直分布影响最大,其次是恒温及冻融循环次数(p<0.05)。研究结果可为黑土区冻融过程土壤N素管理、提升土壤肥力、减少N损失等问题提供理论依据和技术支撑。