植物叶绿素含量不同提取方法的比较研究

为探索不同提取液提取爬山虎叶绿素的效果,分别采用80%丙酮溶液、96%乙醇溶液、90%乙醇丙酮混合溶液、95%乙醇丙酮混合溶液四种提取溶液来提取五叶爬山虎叶片叶绿素。结果表明：叶绿素溶液吸收峰的峰值和不同提取液对植物叶绿素的提取能力随提取液的不同而不同,由大到小排序的顺序为95%丙酮乙醇溶液>90%丙酮乙醇溶液>80%丙酮>96%乙醇,相比于研磨法,用试剂浸泡法的叶绿素提取效率更高,这可为准确提取与检测植物叶绿素的提供一定参考作用。     

土地资源生态安全研究综述

土地资源生态安全已经成为当前土地资源可持续利用研究关注的热点问题,笔者在归纳了生态安全概念与特征的基础上,进一步阐述了土地资源生态安全的内涵、驱动因素、评价框架与方法。指出土地资源生态安全主要包括两个方面：一是土地生态系统的结构功能处于健康和平衡的状态;二是能够为人类社会可持续发展提供稳定、均衡、充足的供给。这一状态的实现,需要自然、经济、社会三大驱动因素共同推进,协调发展,其中,经济因素和社会因素对土地资源的影响远远超过自然因素。在评价框架方面,阐述了PSR、DPSIR、DPSER、“自然-经济-社会”4种体系的来源及应用。关于评价的方法,笔者分别对数学模型法、生态模型法、景观生态模型法、数字地面模型法4类方法的优缺点进行了概括总结,并提出了近年来一些新兴的评价方法。最后,笔者对土地资源生态安全研究趋势进行了展望：（1）以生态功能区划为基础,制定具有针对性、体现差异性的土地资源生态安全评价指标体系,并确定生态安全阈值;（2）注重开展干旱区、风沙区、喀斯特地区、水土流失地区、高原山区等典型区域的土地资源生态安全格局研究与未来状况的动态预警研究;（3）在评价方法上加强地理信息技术相结合;（4）探索新的评价方法,以便更好把控土地资源生态安全状况,实现土地资源的永续利用。     

Introgression of antioxidant activity into cassava (Manihot esculenta C.): an effective technique for extending fresh storage roots shelf life

Physiological postharvest deterioration (PPD) of cassava is the main constraint affecting its nutritional and economical values. PPD is induced by wounds when detaching storage roots from mother plant during harvesting. It is accelerated by the reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as oxygen ion (O₂) and peroxide (O₂)^?2. The carotenoid content and its antioxidant property can help in extending shelf life of cassava storage roots. The primary mode of action of carotenoids as antioxidant is to quench singlet oxygen. Cassava breeding was reported to successfully introgress and improve carotenoid content into cassava. The two types of phytoene synthase (PSY) enzymes (PSY1 and PSY2) are key regulators of carotenoids accumulation in cassava. Carotenoids formation and accumulation in cassava storage roots are induced by a single nucleotide polymorphism in PSY2 which causes a non‐conservative amino acid exchange. This single nucleotide polymorphism in PSY gene is co‐segregated with β‐carotene in cassava storage roots, a phenomenon that could help to unravel the mechanism of introgression of carotenoids into cassava. This article investigates breeding feasibility for improving quality of cassava landraces in developing countries.     

灌溉水利用系数综合测定法实例分析

灌溉水利用系数是衡量农业节水效果的关键指标。目前各地区统计出的灌溉水利用系数差异极大。很多数据明显的存在错误，难以作为比较与衡量的标准。影响灌溉水利用系数正常测定的主要原因是传统测定方法存在测定工作量巨大、测定条件难以保证等。通过开展对灌溉水利用系数资料的搜集、整理并对灌区进行实地调研，在了解目前灌区灌溉水利用系数测量中存在问题及原因的基础上，对灌区灌溉水利用系数测量计算方法进行了分析研究，提出了测定灌溉水利用系数的综合测定计算方法。该方法既克服了传统测量方法中工作量大，需要大量人力、物力才能完成的缺点，又弥补了只测量典型渠段而引起较大误差的不足，而且能反映出灌区渠系用水情况、灌溉工程质量及灌溉用水管理水平等。以漳河灌区为例进行了应用分析。     

胶东半岛丘陵区典型流域气温-降

利用大沽夹河流域1966~2003年各水文站逐年、月气温和降水实测资料，采用线性倾向估计和Mann-Kendall法，对流域气候变化趋势的年季特征及突变性进行了分析。结果表明，（1）近40年来，大沽夹河流域年平均气温整体呈上升趋势，降水呈下降趋势，气候倾向率分别为0.20℃/10a和-42.17mm/10a。（2）春、夏、冬三季平均气温均呈上升趋势，秋季呈下降趋势。春、冬季的气温倾向率大于全年且冬季高于春季（分别为0.216和0.583℃/10a），夏季的气温倾向率（0.01℃/10a）小于全年；各季平均降水的变化趋势与年降水量变化趋势基本相似，整体亦呈减少趋势，但减少的幅度均明显小于全年平均降水。其中，夏秋季下降趋势较快，春冬季较慢，倾向率分别为-21.76、-15.52、-2.52和-2.25mm/10a。（3）除冬季外，各季及年平均气温均在1972年左右发生突变。其中，夏季在1994年左右发生第二次突变，秋季突变次数相对较多；降水的突变多发生在1970s和1980s初。     

垫层浇筑完工后停工时长对坝体温

水利水电混凝土坝工程施工过程中，经常由于基坑开挖、导截流施工、固结灌浆施工及其它不可见因素，导致垫层混凝土浇筑完工后停工数日。针对金安桥碾压混凝土重力坝8号厂房坝段在垫层浇筑完工后停工时长不同的情况下，利用三维有限元分析方法对坝体温度和温度应力进行敏感性分析，结果表明，停工时间越长，对坝体的温控防裂越不利，越容易产生裂缝，从而提出了减少停浇时间甚至不停工，即间歇3d进行施工的建议，而且此方案能缩减工期。     

Cover crop evapotranspiration under semi-arid conditions using FAO dual crop coefficient method with water stress compensation

Cover cropping is a common agro-environmental tool for soil and groundwater protection. In water limited environments, knowledge about additional water extraction by cover crop plants compared to a bare soil is required for a sustainable management strategy. Estimates obtained by the FAO dual crop coefficient method, compared to water balance-based data of actual evapotranspiration, were used to assess the risk of soil water depletion by four cover crop species (phacelia, hairy vetch, rye, mustard) compared to a fallow control. A water stress compensation function was developed for this model to account for additional water uptake from deeper soil layers under dry conditions. The average deviation of modelled cumulative evapotranspiration from the measured values was 1.4% under wet conditions in 2004 and 6.7% under dry conditions in 2005. Water stress compensation was suggested for rye and mustard, improving substantially the model estimates. Dry conditions during full cover crop growth resulted in water losses exceeding fallow by a maximum of +15.8% for rye, while no substantially higher water losses to the atmosphere were found in case of evenly distributed rainfall during the plant vegetation period with evaporation and transpiration concentrated in the upper soil layer. Generally the potential of cover crop induced water storage depletion was limited due to the low evaporative demand when plants achieved maximum growth. These results in a transpiration efficiency being highest for phacelia (5.1 g m⁻² mm⁻¹) and vetch (5.4 g m⁻² mm⁻¹) and substantially lower for rye (2.9 g m⁻² mm⁻¹) and mustard (2.8 g m⁻² mm⁻¹). Taking into account total evapotranspiration losses, mustard performed substantially better. The integration of stress compensation into the FAO crop coefficient approach provided reliable estimates of water losses under dry conditions. Cover crop species reducing the high evaporation potential from a bare soil surface in late summer by a fast canopy coverage during early development stages were considered most suitable in a sustainable cover crop management for water limited environments.     

蒸汽喷射器的噪声控制方法研究

结合现场噪声测试结果,分析了蒸汽喷射器噪声的特点.在理论分析的基础上对蒸汽喷射器进行改进,并对其流场进行模拟.理论分析与模拟结果指出:由于喷嘴出口处轴线上垂直于轴线方向存在着很大的速度梯度,产生了很强的四极子声源,从而发射很强的噪声.改进后的喷射器投入工程使用后,经现场测试,降低噪声14dB.     

直线-共轭内啮合齿轮泵的设计方法

以直线-共轭内啮合齿轮副为研究对象,对直线-共轭内啮合齿轮副的啮合特性进行了系统研究,得到了直线-共轭内啮合齿轮泵转子的较完整的设计方法.介绍了这种泵的工作原理,并综合齿轮及齿轮泵的设计计算方法,分析了直线-共轭内啮合齿形的基本参数和计算公式,给出了基本参数的选取和计算方法,推导了流量计算方程;利用平面啮合定理(Willis定理)和齿廓设计基本方法,分别得到了内、外齿轮的齿廓曲线方程.通过实例,求得其基本参数及齿廓曲线方程,并绘制出直线-共轭齿轮泵转子的图形,验证了基本参数和计算公式的合理性及齿廓曲线方程的正确性.     

混流式水轮机固定部件动力特性分

提出了一种混流式水轮机固定部件动力分析附加质量的计算方法,通过引入质量单元将附加质量添加到固定部件结构的有限元控制方程,使用附加质量模型简化计算部件结构的流固耦合效应。与基于压力－位移格式的计算模型相比较,基于本文附加质量的模拟方法是可行的。