Protein and energy concentrations of meat meal and meat and bone meal fed to pigs based on in vitro assays

The objective of this study was to develop equations for estimating ileal digestible crude protein (CP) and metabolizable energy (ME) contents of meat meal (MM) and meat and bone meal (MBM) as feed ingredients for pigs based on in vitro assays. Test ingredients were 4 sources of MM and 3 sources of MBM. Ash and CP contents of the ingredients ranged from 3.8% to 33.1% and 46.8% to 82.9% (as-is basis), respectively. In vitro ileal disappearance (IVID) of CP was determined and ileal digestible CP content was calculated by multiplying CP content by IVID of CP. In vitro total tract disappearance (IVTTD) of dry matter (DM) was determined and ME was calculated using gross energy, CP contents, and IVTTD of DM. The IVID of CP and IVTTD of DM ranged from 77.2% to 88.7% and from 82.7% to 92.4%, respectively. Calculated ileal digestible CP and ME contents ranged from 37.8% to 73.5% DM and 2,405 to 3,905 kcal/kg DM, respectively. Ash contents were negatively correlated (P < 0.001) with CP (r = −0.99), in vitro ileal digestible CP (r = −0.97), gross energy (r = −1.00), in vitro digestible energy (r = −0.97), and adjusted ME (r = −0.97). The most fitting equations for ileal digestible CP and adjusted ME were: ileal digestible CP (% DM) = 11.91 − 0.90 × Ash (% DM) + 0.74 × IVID of CP (%) (R² = 0.99) and adjusted ME (kcal/kg DM) = 130.85 − 50.90 × ash (% DM) + 47.06 × IVTTD of DM (%) (R² = 0.99). To validate the accuracy of the prediction equations for ME, mean bias and linear bias were determined using a regression analysis. Calculated ME values of MM and MBM were in a good agreement with data obtained from animal experiments based on a statistically insignificant bias in the models. In conclusion, ME concentrations of MM and MBM as swine feed ingredients can be calculated using ash concentration and in vitro disappearance of dry matter.     

发酵乳中沙门氏菌依赖解旋酶恒温基因扩增快速检测方法的建立

建立依赖解旋酶恒温基因扩增（helicase-dependent isothermal DNA amplification,HDA）快速检测发酵乳中沙门氏菌方法。以沙门氏菌invA基因序列为目的基因,设计特异性引物,优化反应体系中UvrD解旋酶及T4 gp32添加量,建立最优反应体系。通过HDA方法直接检测发酵乳中沙门氏菌,扩增其产物后进行电泳检测,验证方法特异性。结果表明：采用HDA快速检测法检测发酵乳中沙门氏菌特异性良好,优化后反应体系体积50 μL时,UvrD解旋酶添加量为0.10 μg,T4 gp32添加量为5.0 μg,得到与设计序列长度（304 bp）一致的扩增产物,检出限为2.6×102 CFU/g;该方法用于快速检测发酵乳中沙门氏菌能够满足检测需求,具有较高的灵敏度、易操作,可作为一种基础且快速的方法检测发酵乳中沙门氏菌。     

响应面优化转透明颤菌血红蛋白基因里氏木霉液体发酵产纤维素酶的培养条件

研究采用响应面法并以滤纸酶活力（filter paper activity,FPA）作为响应值对转透明颤菌血红蛋白基因的里氏木霉（Trichoderma reesei）Tu6-VHb菌株液体发酵产纤维素酶的发酵条件进行优化。根据单因素试验结果设计P-B试验,筛选出影响Tu6-VHb菌株发酵产酶的3个显著因素：吐温-80含量、发酵液体积（250 mL三角瓶发酵）、氮源浓度。用最陡爬坡路径法逼近最大响应值区域,运用响应面B-B试验设计确定3个显著因素之间的交互作用和最佳发酵条件。结果显示,Tu6-VHb产纤维素酶的最佳发酵条件是：吐温-80含量0.39%,发酵液体积61.32 mL（250 mL三角瓶发酵）,氮源浓度0.87%。经优化后,Tu6-VHb菌株发酵产纤维素酶酶活力达51.72 U/mL,与模型预测值51.94 U/mL相近,较优化前该菌株酶活力（39.984 U/mL）提高了29.35%,是未转入透明颤菌血红蛋白基因的里氏木霉（Trichoderma reesei）Tu6菌株酶活力（35.904 U/mL）的1.44倍。     

磺胺间甲氧嘧啶钠注射液含量测定的取样方法研究

通过比较研究,采用体积取样法和重量取样法测定磺胺间甲氧嘧啶钠注射液含量,结果显示,在20%、30%高含量磺胺间甲氧嘧啶钠注射液含量测定中,两种取样方法存在显著差异,《中国兽药典》2005年版体积取样法存在较大误差,建议在这两种高含量药品的含量测定中采用称重法取样较为准确可靠。     

A Single Sample Method for Evaluating 51Chromium-Ethylene Diaminic Tetraacetic Acid Clearance in Normal and Hyperthyroid Cats

Background: Chronic kidney failure is frequently seen in middle-aged and elderly cats. ⁵¹Chromium-ethylene diaminic tetraacetic acid (⁵¹Cr-EDTA) clearance and single blood sample (SBS) method are used in several species to estimate the glomerular filtration rate (GFR).
Hypothesis: The hypothesis of this study was that ⁵¹Cr-EDTA clearance could be determined using an SBS method in normal and hyperthyroid cats.
Animals: Forty-six cats were included in this study, with an average age of 9.5 years. Of these cats, 27 had hyperthyroidism; 19 were healthy.
Methods: After IV injection of ⁵¹Cr-EDTA (average dose: 4.25 MBq), 7 blood samples were obtained between 5 and 240 minutes. Reference clearance was calculated in mL/min and mL/min/kg body weight, using a 2-compartment model. Optimal time for clearance measurement with SBS was then determined by systematically comparing each individual plasma concentration to the reference multisample clearance.
Results: The average reference plasma clearance of ⁵¹Cr-EDTA for all cats was 14.9 mL/min (3.7 mL/min/kg). The clearance in hyperthyroid cats averaged 16.4 mL/min (4.3 mL/min/kg) and in normal cats averaged 10.3 mL/min (2.4 mL/min/kg).
The optimal time for the SBS was 48 minutes after injection of tracer ⁵¹Cr-EDTA ( R ²= 0.9414), giving the following converting equation: clearance = (0.0066 × DV_{48 minutes}) – 0.9277 (in mL/min).
Conclusions and Clinical Importance: In this study, the single sample ⁵¹Cr-EDTA clearance method was used to estimate the global GFR in cats. The method identified differences in clearance between normal and hyperthyroid cats. The optimal time for an SBS was 48 minutes.     

柞蚕微孢子虫胶体金免疫层析检测法

利用柞蚕微孢子虫孢子液直接免疫家兔获得柞蚕微孢子虫多克隆抗体后,分别采用双抗夹心法和竞争法制作胶体金免疫层析试纸条,建立能简便、快捷、准确诊断柞蚕微粒子病的柞蚕微孢子虫胶体金免疫层析检测法。双抗夹心法和竞争法分别是将柞蚕微孢子虫多克隆抗体与25 nm和17 nm的胶体金颗粒结合并固定在金标垫上,然后均将羊抗兔二抗包被在硝酸纤维素膜上作为质控点(C),但是2种方法制作的胶体金免疫层析试纸条的反应模式不同:前者是以柞蚕微孢子虫多克隆抗体作为检测点(T),而后者以柞蚕微孢子虫孢壁蛋白作为检测点(T)。2种方法制作的胶体金免疫层析试纸条的检测时间均为10 min,检测灵敏度为0.8×107个/mL,与柞蚕血淋巴无交叉反应,特异性强,操作简单,其中,以双抗夹心法制作的试纸条显色更清晰,结果更可靠,更具实用价值。     

钨酸钠-磷钼酸比色分光光度法测定饲料中的单宁

试验研究了用丙酮溶液提取饲料中单宁,溶液经过滤后,取滤液加钨酸钠-磷钼酸混合溶液,显色后,在760 nm波长处测定吸光度值,标准曲线法测定饲料中单宁含量。单宁在0.50～6.00 mg/l浓度范围内与吸光度值呈良好的线性关系,线性回归方程为A=0.056 48×C+0.001 08,相关系数为0.999 7,方法的检出限为17.5 mg/kg。该方法操作简便、快速、结果准确,应用于饲料中单宁的测定,结果满意。     

瘤胃微生物的传统定量方法在反刍动物中的应用

瘤胃微生物作为一个完整的生态系统,受日粮成分、饲养方式、季节等诸多因素的影响,认识瘤胃微生物的功能及其活动规律复杂而困难。瘤胃微生物的传统定量方法有亨氏滚管法和最大或然数计数法,二者有着各自的优缺点。本文综述了瘤胃微生物的传统定量方法的应用状况及各自的优缺点。     

如何提高动物解剖学及组织胚胎学的教学效果

根据动物解剖学及组织胚胎学的课程特点,结合教学实践,在教学过程中运用情景联想法、口诀记忆法、归纳总结法等教学方法,多媒体教学与板书教学相结合,并联系后期课程进行讲授,从而达到拓宽学生知识面、提高动物解剖学及组织胚胎学教学效果的目的。     

基于斜率比法评定断奶仔猪对不同铜源的相对生物学利用率

本试验旨在研究不同铜源（硫酸铜、碱式氯化铜和柠檬酸铜）和铜添加水平（20和30 mg/kg）对断奶仔猪生长性能、血清铜含量与含铜酶活性以及组织铜含量的影响,探讨断奶仔猪对不同铜源的相对生物学利用率。试验采用3×2双因子随机区组设计,选取平均体重为（8.98±0.48） kg的杜×长×大三元杂交断奶仔猪112头,随机分为7组,每组4个重复,每个重复4头猪。对照组饲喂玉米-豆粕型基础饲粮（铜含量为7.80 mg/kg）,各试验组分别在基础饲粮中添加20或30 mg/kg硫酸铜、碱式氯化铜或柠檬酸铜（均以铜含量计）。试验预试期3 d,正试期28 d。结果表明：1）试验组与对照组断奶仔猪平均日增重、平均日采食量和料重比均无显著差异（P>0.05）。2）饲粮铜源和铜添加水平对断奶仔猪血清铜含量具有显著影响（P<0.05）,但对血清铜蓝蛋白和铜锌超氧化物歧化酶活性均无显著影响（P>0.05）。3）饲粮铜源和铜添加水平对断奶仔猪肝脏铜含量具有显著影响（P<0.05）,但对心脏、肾脏、胰脏和跖骨铜含量均无显著影响（P>0.05）。4）根据多元线性回归斜率比法计算,以血清铜...