Osmoregulation,growth and moulting cycles of the giant freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) at different salinities

The giant freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii, is a species with a high commercial value in aquaculture. Two experiments were performed to determine the effects of salinities on the osmoregulation, growth and molting cycles of M. rosenbergii during growout. The first experiment was designed to determine whether these animals are capable of adapting to the changes in salinity seen in salinity intrusions in tropical deltas, with an incremental increase in salinity of 3‰ per day from 0‰ to 30‰ Haemolymph osmolality was rapidly regulated up to salinities of 15‰ , whereas animals conformed at higher salinities. The second experiment determined the growth, moulting cycle, osmolality, muscle water content and mortality during a 4‐month experiment at 0‰, 15‰ or 25‰ salinity. The weight gains in 0‰ and 15‰ were not significantly different and were comparable to the growth rates achieved in production farms with body mass increases of 2.6 and 2.3‐fold their initial body mass, respectively, after 4 months. The 25‰ group suffered from low growth, high mortality and a significantly lower moulting frequency. These data show that this species can be reared in brackish water up to 15‰, allowing for farming in the large areas impacted by salt water intrusions in tropical deltas.     

Enrofloxacin pharmacokinetics in Takifugu flavidus after oral administration at three salinity levels

The present study was designed to explore the pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin in Takifugu flavidus at different salinity levels (10‰, 20‰ and 30‰). The concentrations of enrofloxacin in plasma and tissues (kidney, liver and muscle) of T. flavidus after a single oral dose of 10 mg kg^?1 were simultaneously determined using HPLC. The parameters of pharmacokinetics were calculated using non‐compartmental model based on statistic moment theory. The peak concentrations of enrofloxacin were higher and T_max values in plasma, liver and muscle tissues of T. flavidus were lower at the salinity of 20‰ and 30‰ than that of 10‰, except the kidney tissue. These demonstrated the absorption of enrofloxacin was more quickly and more quantity at the high salinity. The elimination half‐life (t_1/2z) of enrofloxacin in the plasma (45.22, 69.91 and 95.45 h) was increasing with the increase in salinity. And the t_1/2z values of enrofloxacin in liver (76.44, 44.21 and 33.48 h) and kidney (212.16, 157.43 and 35.61 h) both decline with the increase in salinity, indicating the elimination of enrofloxacin was faster in liver and kidney but slower in plasma at the high salinity. The content of enrofloxacin in liver was increasing with the increase in salinity, suggesting that salinity affects tissue distribution and metabolism in T. flavidus. In addition, the AUC_0–∞ data of enrofloxacin (kidney > plasma > liver > muscle) at different salinity levels were essentially consistent, and AUC_0–∞ data of kidney were declined with the increase in salinity, supporting that the kidney was the main organ and the role of extent of kidney on excretion was different in different salinity levels.     

Biogeographical region and environmental conditions drive functional traits of estuarine fish assemblages worldwide

Assessing trait–environment relationships is crucial for predicting effects of natural and human‐induced environmental change on biota. We compiled a global database of fish assemblages in estuaries, functional traits of fishes and ecosystem features of estuaries. And we quantified the relative importance of ecosystem features as drivers of patterns of fish functional traits among estuaries worldwide (i.e. drivers of the proportions of fish traits). In addition to biogeographical context, two main environmental gradients regulate traits patterns: firstly temperature, and secondly estuary size and hydrological connectivity of the estuary with the marine ecosystem. Overall, estuaries in colder regions, with larger areas and with higher hydrological connectivity with the marine ecosystem, have higher proportions of marine fish (versus freshwater), macrocarnivores and planktivores (versus omnivores, herbivores and detritivores) and larger fish, with greater maximum depth of distribution and longer lifespan. The observed trait patterns and trait–environment relationships are likely generated by multiple causal processes linked to physiological constraints due to temperature and salinity, size‐dependent biotic interactions, as well as habitat availability and connectivity. Biogeographical context and environmental conditions drive species richness and composition, and present results show that they also drive assemblage traits. The observed trait patterns and trait–environment relationships suggest that assemblage composition is determined by the functional role of species within ecosystems. Conservation strategies should be coordinated globally and ensure protection of an array of estuaries that differ in ecosystem features, even if some of those estuaries do not support high species richness.     

盐度对点篮子鱼的存活、生长及抗氧化防御系统的影响

在容积为500 L的圆锥形塑料缸中分别用对照(自然海水)、配制的盐度为20、10、5的海水和淡水(地下水)养殖点篮子鱼［(67.76?26.12) g］,研究了不同盐度对点篮子鱼存活、生长和抗氧化酶活性的影响。结果显示,淡水组第9天出现死亡,至第27天时死亡率达100%,其余各组未出现异常,死亡率为0%。各盐度组鱼的特定生长率未表现出显著性差异,但盐度10组鱼体重显著高于盐度20和盐度5组,与对照组无显著性差异;盐度5组全长显著低于其余各盐度组。驯化40 d后,对各组鱼鳃、肝脏、肾脏和肌肉中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、抗超氧阴离子自由基、羟自由基活性检测结果显示,除盐度5组外,盐度10、20组点篮子鱼鳃、肝脏、肾脏、肌肉中SOD、CAT、抗超氧阴离子自由基和羟自由基活性在驯化40 d后均恢复到对照组水平,组间无显著性差异;盐度5组中鱼鳃的SOD和抗超氧阴离子自由基活性显著高于盐度10和盐度20组,肝脏、肌肉和肾脏中SOD、CAT、抗超氧阴离子自由基和羟自由基活性均恢复到对照组水平。点篮子鱼不同组织中SOD和CAT酶活力在不同盐度下均以肝脏中最高,肾脏和鳃次之,肌肉中最低;抗超氧阴离子自由基活力以肝脏中最高,极显著高于其余各组织中抗超氧阴离子自由基活力(P<0.01),肌肉次之,肾脏和鳃最低;羟自由基活力以肾脏中最高,显著高于其余各组织中羟自由基活力(P<0.05);鳃次之,肝脏和肌肉中最低,结果表明盐度能影响抗氧化酶活力大小,但并未影响鱼体内酶的分布。     

温度和盐度对企鹅珍珠贝清滤率、滤食率、吸收率的影响

采用实验生态学方法研究了温度和盐度对企鹅珍珠贝清滤率、滤食率、吸收率的影响,结果表明,(1) 在盐度28.3～29.1条件下,温度对企鹅珍珠贝的清滤率、滤食率和吸收率产生极显著的影响(P＜0.01);在实验温度(14～32 ℃)范围内,随温度的升高,企鹅珍珠贝的清滤率、滤食率和吸收率增大,29 ℃时均达峰值,分别为0.87 L/h、4.17 mg POM/h和84.01%;温度为32 ℃时,企鹅珍珠贝的清滤率、滤食率和吸收率较29 ℃时均下降,但3个生理指标仍处于较高水平,表明企鹅珍珠贝属典型热带和亚热带品种,表现出对高温的较强适应性;23～32 ℃为企鹅珍珠贝较适宜摄食温度,29 ℃左右为该贝的最佳摄食温度。(2) 在温度27.4～27.8 ℃条件下,盐度对企鹅珍珠贝的清滤率、滤食率和吸收率影响极显著(P＜0.01);在实验盐度(19～37)范围内,随盐度的升高,企鹅珍珠贝的清滤率、滤食率和吸收率增大,盐度为31时均达最大值,分别为0.36 L/h、1.87 mg POM/h和76.95%;盐度为34和37时均下降;盐度为34时,3个摄食生理指标仍呈现较高水平,表明企鹅珍珠贝属典型的狭盐性贝类,表现出对高盐的较强适应性;企鹅珍珠贝较适宜的摄食盐度范围为25～34,最佳摄食盐度为31左右。     

花斑裸鲤在3种环境中的驯化养殖试验

首次报道了黄河上游特有鱼类花斑裸鲤(Gymnocypris eckloni)在池塘、流水池、网箱中人工驯化养殖试验情况。395g/尾的花斑裸鲤855尾,经过170d的池塘驯养,成活778尾,驯养成活率91.0%,均重450g/尾,平均增重55g/尾,增重率13.9%;378g/尾的花斑裸鲤405尾,经过180d的流水池驯养,均重530g/尾,平均增重152g/尾,增重率40.2%,成活308尾,驯养成活率76.0%;345g/尾的花斑裸鲤2029尾,经过14个月的网箱驯养,均重500g/尾,平均增重155g/尾,增重率44.9%,成活1002尾,驯养成活率49.4%。野生花斑裸鲤驯养试验平均总成活率为72.1%。寄生虫病是导致花斑裸鲤成活率偏低的主要原因。驯养试验对黄河上游土著鱼类的人工繁育和增殖保护具有一定的借鉴意义。     

DGGE分析不同盐度仿刺参养殖环境中菌群多样性

采用16S rDNA的PCR-DGGE基因指纹技术对不同盐度仿刺参养殖水环境中的菌群多样性进行了分析。试验设置了22、26、30、34,4个盐度梯度,每隔10 d采样1次,通过PCR-DGGE指纹分析发现,仿刺参养殖环境存在着丰富多样的细菌。其中大多属于非可培养细菌,变形菌门和CFB门的种类是水体中的优势菌群,交替假单胞菌属是报道过的腐皮综合征的致病菌。根据DGGE指纹图谱的聚类分析发现,同等盐度条件下的样品之间存在一定的菌群相似性,并在聚类分析图中分别各自成簇。样品的多样性指数为1.7～2.3,不同盐度条件下,样品的多样性指数随着时间的推移变化不大。     

盐度和规格对光裸方格星虫耗氧率及排氨率的影响

为研究盐度和规格对光裸方格星虫呼吸代谢的影响,采用实验生态学方法,研究了不同盐度梯度(15、20、25、30和35)对3种规格S(2.11±0.60)g、M(6.31±0.85)g和L(8.80±1.40)g光裸方格星虫耗氧率和排氨率的影响。结果显示,盐度对耗氧率和排氨率影响均显著,盐度和规格的交互作用对耗氧率和排氨率影响极显著。盐度在15~25时,耗氧率(OR)和排氨率(AR)均随着盐度的增加而升高,盐度为25时达峰值,之后随着盐度的增加而降低。耗氧率和排氨率与盐度呈一元二次函数关系,OR和AR与盐度的关系可表示为y=–ax2+bx–c。对于耗氧率,a值的范围是0.030~0.044,b值的范围为1.525~2.252,c值的范围为11.824~20.132;对于排氨率,a值的范围是0.009~0.012,b值的范围为0.455~0.593,c值的范围为4.369~5.275。光裸方格星虫的O/N值范围为4.06~14.28。研究表明,光裸方格星虫代谢的最适盐度为25,且对盐度变化的适应能力较强,可通过调整生理代谢水平来适应低盐或高盐环境。