保护地盐碱化土壤石膏改良的应用技术

介绍了石膏应用于保护地盐碱化土壤改良的原理与方法,内容包括石膏作用机制、石膏改良操作方法和土壤改良后的管理等,以期减轻保护地土壤盐碱化对作物生长的胁迫,指导生产实践。     

秸秆隔层对盐碱土水盐运移及食葵光合特性的影响

在内蒙古河套灌区通过微区试验,研究了秸秆深埋(S)、上盖秸秆下埋秸秆(简称上秸下秸,S+S)、上盖地膜下埋秸秆(简称上膜下秸,P+S)和地膜覆盖(对照,CK)4种耕作措施对0-40 cm土层水盐运移及食葵光合特性的影响。结果表明:(1)不同措施对土壤水盐调控的效果与作用时期差异较大。P+S在整个生育期内土壤盐分含量和盐溶质浓度较低,控盐效果显著;S+S仅在苗期能保墒控盐,但控盐效果比P+S差,后期出现水减盐增现象,保墒控盐效果也不佳;S在整个生育期内土壤盐分含量和盐溶质浓度最高,控盐效果最差;CK在整个生育期内土壤水分含量变化不大,而盐分含量较高,控盐效果也不明显。(2)不同措施对土壤水盐运移调控程度的差异,导致食葵光合特性也有明显变化。与CK、S、S+S相比,P+S由于其较低的盐溶质浓度环境,明显改善了其光合特性,在苗期、蕾期和花期能提高净光合速率(Pn)和蒸腾速率(Tr),增加气孔导度(Gs),降低胞间CO₂浓度(Ci),从而使其作物长势和干物质积累明显高于其它措施。综合试验结果,P+S是内蒙古河套灌区盐碱地改良中优选的控抑盐耕作措施。     

铝胁迫对酸性红壤中真菌种群多样性的影响

通过聚合酶链式反应-限制性片段长度多态(PCR-RFLP)技术构建了红壤真菌的内转录间隔区(Internal Transcribed Spacer,ITS)rDNAs文库,比较分析了红壤地区典型森林土和农田土真菌群落结构对铝胁迫的响应,构建了6个土壤样品的真菌ITS rDNAs文库。从这6个克隆文库中随机挑取克隆进行了PCR-RFLP指纹图谱分析,共获得77个独特的真菌操作分类单元(OperationalTaxanomicalUints,OTUs)。对77个OTUs的代表性克隆测序并利用Blast工具进行分析(相似性95%~100%)。研究结果表明森林土壤和农田土壤样品中真菌类群79.2%(61)属于子囊菌门(Ascomycota)、担子菌门(Basidiomycota)和球囊菌门(Glomeromycota),20.8%(16)属于未分类的簇(Unclassifiedfungi),其中担子菌门真菌在两种土壤中具有明显优势。物种多样性指数(Simpson、Shannon和Chao1)分析表明,铝胁迫降低了土壤真菌种群的多样性,农田土壤中真菌的种群多样性明显高于森林土壤。而且随着铝胁迫浓度的增加,担子菌门真菌在两种土壤中丰度明显下降,子囊菌门真菌的丰度显著上升,在高铝处理浓度处理的土壤中演变为优势种群。     

保护性耕作模式对黑土有机碳含量和密度的影响

以公主岭市长期（10 a）保护性耕作定位试验为研究对象,分析与传统耕作模式相比的几种保护性耕作模式对黑土固碳效应的影响。共设4种耕作模式,即秋翻秋耙匀垄、秋灭茬匀垄、全面旋耕深松和宽窄行交替休闲（又叫松带、苗带交替休闲）（后3种视为保护性耕作）。结果表明,经过10 a的耕作试验,不同的耕作模式对土壤有机碳有显著的影响。表层0～20 cm秋翻秋耙匀垄和秋灭茬匀垄模式的土壤有机碳含量最低,深层30～50 cm全面旋耕深松模式的土壤有机碳质量分数显著低于其他耕作模式13.49%～25.14%;0～50 cm耕层     

酸性土壤植物磷铝互作研究进展

铝毒和缺磷是酸性土壤上作物生产的2个主要限制因子,解决酸性土壤铝毒和缺磷问题是提高作物产量及保障粮食安全的重要途径。酸性土壤中铝毒和缺磷经常共存,磷与铝在土壤、根-土界面和植物体内关系密切,其相互作用对植物生长发育具有重要影响。该文总结了酸性土壤中铝的存在形式、磷的现状及存在形式,简述了近年来磷与铝元素交互作用对植物生长发育的影响,并对进一步的研究作了展望。     

开放式空气CO2浓度增高条件下水稻土生理生化指标及微生物区系特征的研究

利用座落于江都市小纪镇良种场的FACE平台,研究了FACE条件下,不同氮素水平水稻土壤的生理生化指标及微生物区系特征。结果表明,高N水平下,FACE圈土壤微生物生物量碳、基础呼吸作用、脲酶活性、过氧化氢酶活性、氨化作用及放线菌数量都比对照高,而低N水平下,除真菌、放线菌数量以及氨化作用外,其他指标均比对照低。FACE条件下,高氮处理与低氮处理相比较,土壤微生物生物量碳、基础呼吸作用、脲酶活性、过氧化氢酶活性、氨化作用以及细菌数量分别提高610.57%、56.55%、24.32%、9.43%、1.09%和225%,供氮水平对FACE条件下水稻土生理生化指标以及微生物群落有调节作用。     

水稻土磷环境敏感临界值的研究

采用室内测试方法研究了3组质地(粘土、重壤土和轻壤土)水稻土水溶性磷(0.01mol·L-1CaCl2-P)与土壤测试磷(Olsen-P和Bray1-P)及土壤磷饱和度的关系。结果表明,水稻土因淹水耕作,其磷释放潜力明显高于旱地土壤,水溶性磷随土壤测试磷的增加而增加。土壤测试磷及磷的饱和度与土壤水溶性磷的关系存在转折点,当土壤磷超过转折点时,土壤水溶性磷和磷的释放潜力明显增加。在好气条件下,供试水稻土磷环境敏感临界值(转折点)在Olsen-P50～75mg·kg-1、Bray1-P90～140mg·kg-1和磷饱和度21%～23%之间;在厌气条件下,供试水稻土磷环境敏感临界值(转折点)在Olsen-P35～45mg·kg-1、Bray1-P75～115mg·kg-1和磷饱和度16%～18%之间,超过临界值土壤磷素可对环境产生非常明显的负影响,不应再施用磷肥和粪肥。     

Interactions between phosphorus availability and microbes in a wheat–maize double cropping system: A reduced fertilization scheme

Mechanisms controlling phosphorus(P) availability and the roles of microorganisms in the efficient utilization of soil P in the wheat–maize double cropping system are poorly understood. In the present study, we conducted a pot experiment for four consecutive wheat–maize seasons(2016–2018) using calcareous soils with high(30.36 mg kg^–1) and low(9.78 mg kg^–1) initial Olsen-P content to evaluate the effects of conventional P fertilizer application to both wheat and maize(Pwm) ...     

Black carbon estimation in French calcareous soils using chemo‐thermal oxidation method

We studied the black carbon (BC) content of ca. 405 samples from French topsoil and artificial soil and carbonate mixtures. Our protocol involved three main steps: (i) decarbonation by HCl, (ii) elimination of non‐pyrogenic organic carbon in a furnace at 375 °C, and (iii) quantification of residual carbon by CHN analysis. BC content increased for calcareous soils according to their carbonates content. Subsequent analyses confirmed the existence of a methodological artefact for BC determination only in calcareous soils. Decarbonation changes the thermal properties of organic matter, creating more recalcitrant carbon than in the initial sample. Higher CaCO₃ and organic carbon content results in a more pronounced artefact. The reversal of the first two steps of the chemo‐thermal oxidation method (i.e. thermal oxidation before soil decarbonation) eliminates this artefact. Overall, our results suggest that BC content may have been overestimated in a large number of studies on calcareous soils.     

Oxygen isotope ratios of plant available phosphate in lowland tropical forest soils

Phosphorus (P) cycles rapidly in lowland tropical forest soils, but the process have been proven difficult to quantify. Recently it was demonstrated that valuable data on soil P transformations can be derived from the natural abundance of stable oxygen isotopes in phosphate (δ¹⁸O_P). Here, we measured the δ¹⁸O_P of soils that had received long-term nutrient additions (P, nitrogen, and potassium) or litter manipulations in lowland tropical forest in Panama and performed controlled incubations of fresh soils amended with a single pulse of P. To detect whether δ¹⁸O_P values measured in the incubations apply also for soils in the field, we examined the δ¹⁸O_P values after rewetting dry soils. In the incubations, resin-P δ¹⁸O_P values converged to ∼3.5‰ above the expected isotopic equilibrium with soil water. This contrasts with extra-tropical soils in which the δ¹⁸O_P of resin-P matches the expected equilibrium with soil water. Identical above-equilibrium resin-P δ¹⁸O_P values were also found in field soils that did not receive P additions or extra litter. We suggest that the 3.5‰ above-equilibrium δ¹⁸O_P values reflect a steady state between microbial uptake of phosphate (which enriches the remaining phosphate with the heavier isotopologues) and the release of isotopically equilibrated cell internal phosphate back to the soil. We also found that soil nutrient status affected the microbial turnover rate because in soils that had received chronic P addition, the original δ¹⁸O_P signature of the fertilizer was preserved for at least eight weeks, indicating that the off-equilibrium δ¹⁸O_P values produced during microbial phosphate turnover was not imprinted in these soils. Overall, our results demonstrate that ongoing microbial turnover of phosphate mediates its biological availability in lowland tropical soils.